BEITISH FUNG-I. PI 1 &.Massee del, EEates irth. L "Reeve &C? London.. "^/inceitt Brooks.Dav & SonTmp. BRITISH FUNGI. PHYCOMYCETES AND USTILAGINE^, BT GEORGE MASSEE {Lcciurer on Botany to the London Society for the Extension of University Teaching). LONDON: L. REEVE & CO., 5, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. 1891. DESCEIPTION OF THE FIGURES. Plate I. FIG. 1. Pilaira anomdla, group of plants, nat. size. 2, 3. Sporangia of same in diiferent stages of development, X 200.' 4. Spores of same, x 400. 5. Zygospore of same, x 200. G, Spowdinia aspergillus ; h^ zygospore ; a, a, susjDensors ; c, c, mycelium, x 250. 7. Formation of young zygospore of same ; a, a, arcliicarps, X 250. 8. Formation of zygospore of same ; a, one of the gametes or conjugating cells ; h, one of the suspensors, X 250. 9. Gonidial condition of same, x 250. 10. Sporangium of same after dehiscence ; a, sporangial wall ; l), columella, X 350. 11. Gonidia of same, X 400. 12. Circinella Hmpleu:, entire fungus, X 250. 13. Sporangium of same shoAving columella, x 400. 14. Spores of same, x 400. 15. Helicostylum elegans, portion of fungus, x 200. 16. Sporangium of same, x 400. 17. Spores of same, x 750. 18. HeUcostyhim 7iigricans, entire plant, X 250. 19. Optical section of sporangium of same showing colu- mella, X 250. 20. Optical section of lateral sporangiolum of same, x 350. 21. .^ Spores of same, x 400. 22. /S^/wce/j'/mZ/.s /rt>c/c'w?af a, portion of fungus, x 200. viil Description of the Figzires. FIG. 23. Single sporangium of s»ame, x 400. 24. Rhiwpus iiigrirans, sporangiferous condition, X 250. 25. Sexual condition of same ; a, the large septate sus- pensor ; h, the small aseptate suspensor ; c, zygo- spore, X 400. Plate II. 26. Monohlepharis splicerica, portion of fungus, x 25. 27. Tip of a filament of same bearing an oogonium, o, and an antheridium, a ; the oogonium has opened at the apex and contains an oosphere ; the antherozoids are escaping from the autheridium, x 800, (After Cornu.) 28. Portion of a filament of Leptomitus hrachynema, bearing zoosporangia, X 250. 29. Mortierella polycephala, x 500.* 30. Chlamydogonidia or acrogoniclia of same, X . (After Van Tiegheim.) 31. Aclihja polyandra ; a, oogonium ; h, oospores ; Cj an- theridium, X 300. 32. Aclihja racemosa, tip of a fertile branch with an empty zoosporangium, a ; h, the escaped zoogonidia forming a hollow sphere at the apex of the zoosporangium ; lower down on the branch are two oogonia ; c, oogonium; e, oospores; d, antheridia, X 145. (After De Bary.) 33. Thamnidium vertleillatum, erect sporangiferous branch; «, the terminal large sporangium ; h, sporangiola borne on whorled lateral branches, X 100. 34. Optical section of terminal sporangium of same showing columella, highly x . 35. Optical section of lateral sporangiola of same, highly x . 36. Rhizidiam Westiij several plants parasitic on Spirogyra nitida, seen in optical section ; the contents of the host are omitted, X 300. 37. The same, parasitic on Cladrphora glomercda ; e, the thick stratified cell-wall of the host ; «, uj^per, 6, lower cell ; c, rhizoids that are permeating the proto- plasm of the host ; c?, sporangium ; d' , sporangium ruptured and zoogonidia escaping, X 1200. Descriptio7i of the Figures, ix Plate III. FIG. 38. Saprolegnia monoica, tip of a fertile branch; a, oogo- nium ; h, one of tlie perforations in its wall ; c, antheridial branch, x 400. 39. Pf/thium De Banjanum, portion of a specimen bearing terminal and intercalary gonidia, X 200. 40. Fertile tip of branch of same ; a, antheridium ; h, oogonium ; c, the oosphere which has just become rounded off, x 400. 41 . Gonidium of same germinating and producing a germ- tube which will develop directly into a new plant, X 400. 42. a, gonidium of same germinating and giving origin to a zoosporangium, h, containing several zoogonidia, x 400. 43. Entorrliiza Asrhersoniana, forming swellings on the root of Juncus lamprocarpus, nat. size. 44. Spore of same, x 1200. 45. Peronospora parasitv-ay an aerial gonidia-bearing branch, x 300. 46. Gonidium of same, x 750. 46a. Mature resting-spore of same, x 500, 47. Saprolegnia elonr/afa, branch bearing zoosporangia ; a, a', empty zoosporaiigia ; h, V , zoosporangia contain- ing zoogonidia, x 400. 48. Zoogonidium of samo, x 600. 49. Sexual condition of same ; a, oogonium ; l>, oospores ; r, antheridium, produced on a distinct branch, x 400. 50. Protomyces maerosporus, pustules of mature spores on stem of ^^gopodium podograria, nat. size. 51. Eesting-spores of same, x 400. 52. Tilletia decii>iens, spore, x 1200. 53. TiUefia tntici, spore, x 1200. 54. Spore of same germinating ; a, promycelium bearing a tuft of promycelium spores, h, at the apex, some of which have "conjugated" in pairs, X 460. (After Tulasne.) 55. Two promycelium spores of same that have "conju- gated " and afterwards produced a secondary spore, a, X 750. (After Tulasne.) Desnnption of the Figures, TIO. 5G. Kosting-spore of same gernjiiiatiiig ; a, promycelium ; />, young promycelium spores, X 460. (After Tulasnc.) Plate IY. 57. rUohoJus ci')/, rotten wooil, and also tlie common musliroom, whereas those that grow upon or within living animals or plants, and from whose tissues their food is derived, are known as parasites; the smut of wheat, hop mildew, potato disease, and '' muscardine,'' or the silkAvorm disease, are examples of the latter class. Connecting links between the two conditions occur, some species possessing the faculty of existing as either parasites or saprophytes, and others are saprophytes during one period and parasites at another. Fungi belong to the group of plants known as CnjptoganUy hence, if we speak of fungi as Cryptogams without cliloropliyll we shall embody the most important characters of the group ; the finer distinctions that separate other groups of cryptogams not possessing chlorophyll^ as the Bacteria and the Myxogastres, will be better understood at a later stage. The tissues of fungi, however compact, consist of rows of cells called hyphse ; these hj-ph^e may consist of very long, continuous cells without transverse walls or septa, or transverse septa may be present, when the hypha consists of a large number of super- posed cells in a single row. Hyphge may be simple or branched, and not unfrequently when two distinct branches meet they grow together, the walls being dissolved at the point of contact, and the contents of the two branches mingle ; in some cases a complicated network is thus produced, or H shaped arrangements occur when two parallel hyphas are united by a branch from one uniting at its point with the other. A peculiar structure resulting from the amalgamation of originally independent parts, forming what are known MorpJiology. ^ o as clamp-conjiections , originates as follows, — in a trans- versely septate hyplia a small brancli originates just below a septum, grows out for some distance, tlien bends until its tip conies in contact with the wall of the hypha just above the septum below which it sprung', the walls become absorbed at the point of contact, the result being that the loop formed by the branch has opened a free communication between the cavities of the two cells of the hypha separated by the septum. Clamp-connections are highly characteristic of the group of fungi known as the Basidiomycetes, but are also met with in at least one genus belonging to the Ilyphomycetes. The object of this arrange- ment is not known, but Professor Marshall Ward has described a case ^ where the hyphae form a dense, irregular network due to the amalgamation of originally distinct branches, and has demonstrated the remarkable fact that this blending is not confined to those points where two hyphse happen to come in contact in the ordinary course of growth, but that distinct branches are actually drawn out of their original course through nearly a right angle by another branch for the purpose of effecting a union, and consequently open communication between the two branches. This attraction is considered by the author to be due to the presence of a ferment- substance present in the cells, and as to the object, it is suggested that it possibly serves to nourish the whole more equably, or to effect the equal distribution of certain substances produced in the cell-contents. The first hyph^e produced on the germination of the ^ A lily disease, Ann. Bot. vol. ii. pp. 319-378. E 2 4 British Fungi. spore form the mycelium, in fact this name is ratlier vague, but is generally understood to refer to the hyphte concerned with vegetative work, and is either buried in the substance from which the fungus obtains its food supply, as in the common mushroom and most mushroom-like fungi, or forms a more or less dense layer on the surface, as in many moulds, sending branches down into the substance it rests upon for the purpose of absorbing food. In most cases the hypli^e penetrating the matrix are of the ordinary filamentous kind, but sometimes, more especially in the minute fungi parasitic on living plants, the hyph^e that enter the matrix become more or less expanded at the tip, form- ing Jiaiistol'ia or suckers, which are supposed to answer the double purpose of firmly fixing the fungus and absorbing food. When young and actively growing, the hyphte have very tliiu, colourless cell-walls, which usually give a cellulose reaction, becoming violet when treated with sulphuric acid and iodine, or a clear blue with iodine alone, but when the hyphae are old this reaction is rarely, if ever, obtained without special and prolonged preparation, hence the name " fungus- cellulose '' given by De Bary.- With age the walls of the hyphfe frequently become coloured and thickened to such an extent that the lumen or cavity is almost filled up, and in some cases tbe thickened wall shows distinct stratification, as pointed out by De Bary -^ .in the inner layer of the exoperidium of - Fungi, Mycetozoa and Bacteria, English Edition, pp. 8 and 13. 3 Tom. cit. p. 12. Morphology. 5 Geaster Jtijgrometricus, where tlie wall in transverse section is seen to consist of from tliree to five layers or lamellm. In many fungi tlie thickened walls of the hyph^e become partly dissolv^ed on the outside, and form a gelatinous mass when moist, becoming horny and rigid when dry. This idea is carried to the extreme in Tremellinese, where a section under the microscope presents the appearance of a densely inter- woven mass of very fine threads imbedded in a homo- geneous gelatinous substance. The apparent fine threads are the very much reduced cavities of the interlaced hyph^ containing a finely granular sub- stance, the gelatinous matter consists of the dissolved cell-walls that have completely lost their individuality and form a homogeneous mass. Fme pits are present in the walls of certain hyphoe in the genus Lyco- 'perdoiij and De Bary states that in the mould called Dactylium macro sporum, there is a large pit in the centre of the thick transverse septa similar to what is found in the transverse septa of the Floridex or red sea-weeds. It has already been stated that the tissues of fungi consist of more or less parallel or intricately interwoven simple or branched hyphi^, and that increase in size depends on the formation of new cells at the tips of the hyph^e only, and this state- ^ / «—* ment generally holds good, but cannot be universally -^ /b these sclerotia are met witli iu many different families, and vary ia size from a mere point to that of a cricket ball, and in some instances are very much larger. In a species of Boletus found in West Australia the underground mycelium forms a hard sclerotioid mass, of a bright yellow colour^ extending continuously for many squrre yards, and causes great inconvenience, having to be broken up with a pick- axe. Sclerotia may be looked upon as concentrations of reserve material manufactured by the mycelium, and often possesses the power of remaining dormant for a long period, eventually under favourable con- ditions producing spore-bearing structures, which not unfrequently differ very considerably in appearance and structure from those previously produced by the myceliam forming the sclerotium. When dry, sclerotia become hard and woody in texture, and on examin- ing a tkin section under the microscope are found to be composed of cells of various forms closely compacted together ; but it is not difficult in general to trace distinct hypha3 here and there, and the apparent normal cellular-tissue appearance is in most cases due to the fact that the component hyphge are so inextricably interwoven to form the solid mass, that in a section, taken in whatever direction, most of the hyphge are cut in a direction more or less at right angles to the axes of growth, which results in a section made up of irregularly circular or elliptical cells. Nevertheless, in some instances a sclerotium is built up after the manner of true cellular tissue, and not from Ions', interwoven hyph^, A minute black mould called Ileterospormm aspratum, common on the leaves of Mo7^phology. 7 various liliaceous plants^ has its mycelium ramifying through the tissues of the leaf^ and sends spore-bearing branches into the air through the stomata ; this takes place during the summer, and in the autumn when the leaf is fadhig, small sclerotia are formed by the mycelium in its interior in the following manner, — one of the cells of a hypha becomes larger than the rest, and is then divided by two septa, in planes at right angles to each other, into four cells ; this process is repeated with more or less regularity in each of the daughter-cells, and this process of division is repeated until a mass of tissue is formed resulting from the division of cells by planes lying in different directions ; sometimes two or more adjoining hyphal cells divide in a similar manner to form an irregular, elongated sclerotium. Many-celled spores are frequently formed in a similar manner. The mycelium, usually after devoting a longer or shorter period of time to vegetative work, by which is meant, work connected with the well-being of the individual, and not directly concerned with reproduc- tion, or continuation of the species in time, gives origin to a more or less complicated arrangement of hyphae, for the special purpose of producing repro- ductive organs, and known collectively as the sporo- phore. As illustrations, the ^^ spawn " or underground mycelium of the common mushroom is the vegetative portion of the fungus, whereas the stem, cap and gills together form the sporophore. Again, in the greenish- blue mould common on jam, bread, &c., the thin felt- like layer resting on the surface of the substance, along with the hyphge sent down into the matrix, form the British Fuiiori. s vegetative part, and the erect bypli^e bearing chains of spores at their tips are the sporophores. From the above examples it will be seen that the sporophore jn-esents great variety in form and stracture, con- sisting in the one instance of a single erect hypha bearing a few spores at its summit, whereas in the other, dense, diSerentiated tissues enter into its com- position. The sporophore is tbe part that is popularly considered as constituting the entire fungus, the vegetative portion, as already stated, being usually hidden in the substance upon wliich the sporophore appears. From what has already been stated, it will be seen that division of labour is well marked in fungi, as illustrated by the presence of mycelium and sporo- phore, but it is important to remember that this division is not so strougly defined throughout the fungi as in the examples given. In the Saprolegniesef a group of microscopic fungi met with in the tissues of plants or animals, tbe thin liyph^e ramif}^ in the tissues of the host, and eventually form reproductive bodies, the equivalents of sporophores, from single termiual or intercalary cells of the mycelium. Now this arrangement does not quite harmonize with the con- ception of sharply defined vegetative and reproductive parts as illustrated by the gill-bearing fungi and their allies. From a broad point of view, the characters that separate 2:)lants from animals are; (1), permanent cell-walls, composed of cellulose, at least when young; (2), the presence of chlorophyll, which enables plants to feed on inorganic food. It is well known that certain plants belonging to widely separated natural Morphology. 9 orders, have degenerated so far from the ancestral stock as to have lost the power of forming chlorophyll, and in consequence, like the fungi, have become parasites or saprophytes, the bird's-nest orchis, Neottia nidus-avis, and toothwort, Lathrsea sqiiamaria, are examples, but in most such cases, these degene- rate species still retain the same general structure, so that there is but little difficulty in consigning them to their proper orders, although in some instances these phanerogamic departures from the typical stock have become so modified as to present but slight affinities with any of the normal groups. The fungi, in like manner, appear to have descended from chlorophyll-producing ancestors, but such ancestors were very much lower down, or nearer the starting- point of plant life, than flowering plants, and are represented at tlie present day by the simple green algas furnished with sexual organs, illustrated by such genera as VaiicUei'ia. The Sajproleyniese, mostly aquatic fungi, and the Feronosporex, inhabiting the tissues of living plants, may be considered as illustra- tions of forms near the starting-point of the fungi proper, and omitting for the moment the presence of chlorophyll in the one case, and its absence in the other, the above-mentioned algal and fungal forms present many important morphological features in common. In both there is the same long, irregularly- branched vegetative portion, in both the tips or interstitial portions become swollen into a more or less globose receptacle or oogonium, the female organ of reproduction, into which the protoplasm becomes aggregated and retained by the formation of septa lo British Funoi ^> across the tube. This oosphere is fertilized by a small organ or a)ithcricUum produced in close proximity to the oogonium^ or on a distinct branchy depending on the particular species. It is very important to bear in mind that the above account is not intended to convey the idea that fungi actually originated from the algal genus Vauclieria and allied forms_, but simply to show that at the points indicated the homologies between algae and fungi are very pronounced. Jn the degenerate forms of flowering plants already mentioned, we find several distinct starting-points, as in Orcliidacex, Scropliulariacese, Balanophorese, &c., and although agreeing in the common feature of having their power of developing chlorophyll arrested, yet these starting-points of new plant ideas mnst have been separated by long intervals of time, inasmuch as the aberrent members of the two first-mentioned orders would still be typical members of their respec- tive orders if furnished with chlorophyll, whereas, in the last order, the species have become so much modi- fied that they are not in close touch with any known order of chlorophyll-bearing plants, a fact implying a long period of time since they broke away from their normal ancestors ; because it must be remembered that there is no evidence in favour of the idea that plants without chlorophyll originated as such, whereas the evidence in favour of the idea that all plants with- out chlorophyll have descended from chlorophyll- producing ancestors is very strong. Judging from the case of the fungi, there is no reason why the side issues of floweriug plants, charac- terized by absence of chlorophyll, should not become Morphology, 1 1 so thorougHy differentiated from the parent stock, as to constitute a distinct group, phanerogamic fungi. In like manner, it is not necessary to assume only one point of departure for the fungi from the algee, but the close agreement between the Saprolegniese and certain alo^^e indicates the oris^in of the fun si, and shows also that between the two examples given the point of divergence is not wide. It is observable in almost every instance of a marked departure from a typical group, that the earliest departures remain stereotyped at a certain stage of development as a group, characterized by features partly their own and partly those of their ancestors ; connecting-links in fact. Certain elastic members of this first group in turn develop new features, and where the new departure is able to hold its ground in the struggle for existence, this process of evolving new morphological and physiological factors, a process generally contem- poraneous with the obliteration of the original charac- teristics of the stock from which the new type originated, is repeated, until eventually a group of organisms is produced possessing strongly marked features in common, and only in touch with the group from which it evolved in the possession of those characters common to all plants. In illustration of the above, it may be mentioned that in those sections of fungi, of which the mushroom and puff ball are characteristic, there is not the re- motest indication, morphologically or physiologically, not even in the earliest phase of development, of any affinity with the algae, and it is only by means of tracing the origin of these terminal groups of fungi 1 2 British Fimei- granular portion remains and does not escape on cutting. Placing tlie whole fungus in alcoliol or methylated spirit for some time produces the same effect. If sections thus prepared are stained with a solution of eosin, to which a drop or two of acetic acid has been added, the granular contents of the latici- ferous hj]3ha3 become deeply stained. Nuclei have for some time past been proved to be present in the cells of fungi, but until quite recently this proof depended mainly on the fact that nuclei become more deeply stained than the remainder of the protoplasm, and so in the case of the vegeta- tive portions of fungi, where the nuclei are minute and not possessed of any very pronounced morpho- logical features, this evidence was scarcely satisfactory, because minute coagulations of protoplasm often become deeply stained, and are thus liable to be mistaken for nuclei. Recently, however, Wager has shown^ that numerous nuclei are present in both vege- tative and reproductive parts of a minute fungus, called Peronospora loarasitica, very common as a parasite in the tissues of various cruciferous plants. In addition to the evidence afforded by staining, the author has shown that the nuclei divide by a process of karyokinesis, in a manner comparable to what takes place in the division of the nucleus in flowering plants. The following process was found to furnish the best preparations for observing the presence and various phases of division of the nuclei. The fresh tissues of the Shepherd's Purse infected with the * Observations on the structure of the nuclei in Peronosjjora parasitica, &c. Ann. Bot. vol. iv. pp. 126-14:7 ; pi. 1. Morphology, 1 7 fungus were cut into small pieces and placed at once in absolute alcohol, where they remained until thoroughly penetrated; sections were then cut, and afterwards stained in very dilute solution of Kleinenberg's hgematoxylin in water. The sections were left in this solution until considerably overstained, and then placed in a dilute solution of acid alcohol made by adding a few drops of strong hydrochloric acid to a beaker of 70 per cent, alcohol. The sections were then washed successively in 70, 90, and 100 per cent, alcohol, then transferred to turpentine until quite clear and transparent, and finally mounted in Canada balsam. It is true that Wager^s sections were cut with a Cambridge ribbon-section-cutting-machine, and in many cases were only about -g-oVo ^^ ^^ '\nQ^ in thick- ness, yet in repeating the work along the lines given above, I find that very good preparations can be obtained even when the sections are cut by hand with a razor. Calcium oxalate, in the form of needle-shaped crystals, regular quadrate octahedra, or minute amorphous particles, is of very frequent occurrence in fungi, forming thin incrustations or a pulverulent, glistening layer on the sporophore, in the tissues, or sometimes on the strands of mycelium. This lime is probably taken up by fungi as calcium nitrate in solution, and the fact that calcic oxalate is most abundant in species of fungi that grow on dung, supports this idea. So long as the calcic oxalate is in the cells it is held in solution, and is conveyed to the surface by water, which, during the active period of growth, escapes from the ordinary hyphae, or C ] S British Ftmoi ' pbcnomenon is summarized as follows by De Bary,^ " Schonbein has carefully examined this phenomenon, and finds that it is a substance capable of being extracted from the fungus by alcohol, and probably of a resinous character which turns blue in the air. The blue colour appears in the alcoholic solution under the same conditions as it does in a solution of guaiac- resin, and since it has been proved that the colour is produced in the latter by combination with ozonized oxygen, Schonbein assumes a similar cause of the blue colour in the fungus. The alcoholic extract from the Boletus does not by itself become blue when exposed to the air ; there must therefore be another substance contained in the fungus, which ozonizes the oxygen of the atmosphere, and then effects a combination with the resin, giving off the oxygen to it in the state of ozone. Phenomena of a similar kind, observed in other cases, confirm this conjecture. Thus both the tincture of guaiac and the alcoholic extract of Boletus turn blue at once, if they are allowed to fall in drops on the fresh tissue of some of the Agarici which do not themselves turn blue, especially Agaricus sanguineus. The watery juice of Agaricus san- guineus squeezed out from the plant and filtered, produces the blue colour at once in both tinctures. From these facts it may be concluded that a number of fleshy fungi contain a substance soluble in water, which absorbs oxygen and gives it up to other bodies in the state of ozone. The Boleti which turn blue contain this substance, with another resinous sub- 6 Yol. cit., p. 15. AlorpJiology. 23 stance, wliich, like guaiac-resin, is turned blue by ozone/' Starch is absent from the tissues of fungi, but Errera has shown '^ that glycof/en is present often in considerable quantity in the vegetative and reproduc- tive parts of fungi. Glycogen has the same chemical composition as starch (CeH^jO-,), and is considered by Errera to be of the same value in the nutrition of fungi as starch is in plants possessing chlorophyll, but this point is not definitely ascertained. Glycogen may be distinguished from protoplasm by being more highly refringent and glistening, and by its behaviour when treated with iodine. If sections of tissue are slightly warmed in a dilute solution of iodine (water 45 grm., potassic iodide 0*3 grm., iodine 01 grm.), those parts containing glycogen became reddish- brown or violet-brown ; the colour becomes paler when heated to between 50*^ — 60^ C, and returns on cooling. Glycogen can be well seen in the asci of many species of Feziza after the protoplasm has been used up in the formation of the spores. The various rejproductive bodies in fungi, collectively known as spores, are either sexual or asexual in origin. Sexual spores originate in two distinct ways. The simplest method is where two distinct branches of equal size and without any apparent sexual differentia- tion approach each other, the tips of the two branches become swollen and filled with protoplasm, the walls are absorbed at the point of contact, the two proto- plasms mingle, and a new cell or spore is formed. A spore produced in this way is called a zygospore, '' Mem. Acad E. Sci. Belg., xxxvii. (1885.) 24 British Fitngi. Zygospores are produced by tlie primitive algal-like fungij and are homologous with the zygospores in the simple green algse. In the second method of sexual spore production the sexual organs are distinctly different in size and function. The male organ or antheridiiim is usually much smaller than the female organ or oor/onium. In many instances the oogonium is the enlarged terminal cell of a hypha, which increases in size until it becomes spherical^ the antheridium growing out as a lateral club-shaped branch from the hypha immediately below the oogonium. When the oogonium and antheridium are replete with proto- plasm_, the cavity of each is cut off from communication with the cavity of the hypha by the formation of a transverse septum. 'Next a portion of the protoplasm in the oogonium forms a spherical mass, which is known as the oosj^here. After this differentiation has taken place, the antheridium comes in contact with the wall of the oogonium, and at the point of contact develops a slender outgrowth called the fertilization- fuhe, which pierces the wall of the oogonium, and increases in length until it comes in contact with the oosphere. Through this fertilization-tube the proto- plasm and nucleus contained in the antheridium passes and mingles with the protoplasm of the oosphere. After this blending of protoplasm, which constitutes fertilization, the oosphere is called an oosijore, which undergoes further changes, clothes itself with a firm cell-wall, and usually after a period of rest, germi- nates and gives origin to a new individual. Sometimes, as already stated in the case of Peronos2:)ora, the oogonium is formed from an intercalary cell of a hypha Morphology, 2 5 liaviDg the antlieridium developed in close proxiaiity, or the latter may be produced by a distinct hypha. In many instances both terminal and intercalary oogonia are present in the same species. This method of sexual reproduction is also met with in the algal-like species of fungi, and as already stated has its homo- logue in such green alg^e as VaucJieria. In some species more tharn one oosphere is formed in the oogonium. The above groups of fungi are collectively known as the Phij corny cetes. Passing from the above examples, where the sexual nature of the organs described is universally admitted, we come to a very large section of fungi called the Ascomycetes, characterized by having their spores pro- duced in asci, or large, specialized, club-shaped or cylindrical cells, which are usually produced in con- siderable numbers on a well-developed and frequently highly- differentiated sporophore. As to whether the asci are sexual or asexual in origin is not definitely settled. It is certain that in numerous cases struc- tures homologous to the sexual organs of the Phyco- mycetes are present. For example, in some species two branches, morphologically indistinguishable, coil round each other and come in contact by their tips, thus recalliuo- to mind the sexual mode of fertilization described as coujugation ; in others there are two structurally different organs, resembling antheridia and oogonia, whereas in others again certain structures are present closely resembling the organs of repro- duction present in the Floridcsi or red sea-weeds. De Bary accepts the view that in many instances the sexual organs are of functional value, as in the 2 6 British Funzi- P/iycomycetes, and further that the sexual organs originate from special hyphas called ascof/enous ]ujp]ia3, which are distinct from the hyphte forming the remaining portion of the sporophore. According to this view the whole of the asci spring from the fertilized portion. Bref eld, on the contrary, considers tliat sexual organs of functional value are confined to the Phy corny cetesy and that the similar looking organs in the Ascomycetes, even if homologous witli those of the Phy corny cetes, have so far degenerated as to possess no functional value, hence according to Brefeld, the ascospores (th.e name given to spores produced in asci) of the Ascomycetes are asexual in origin. In another very large group of fungi, the spores are of undoubted asexual origin. Here the spores are produced externally by large specialized cells called basidia. According to Brefeld there are two principal types of basidia, which are adopted by this author as furnishing characters for separating the great group known as Basidiomy cetes or basidia- bearing fungi, into two primary groups, the Proto- hasidiomy cetes and the Autohas idiomy cetes . It has been stated that in the Phy corny cetes, or sexual fungi, secondary asexual reproductive bodies called gonidia are commonly present, and accepting for the moment Brefeld's view that in the Ascomycetes, which follow the Pliycomycetes in ascendiug order, the apparent sexual organs have lost their functional value, it is not denied that the ascosporous form of fruit in the Ascomycetes is the homologue of the sexual product in the Pliycomycetes, and it is very generally accompanied by a gonidial and truly asexual form of MorpJwlogy. 2 7 reproduction. In tlie Ustilaginece and tlie Uredlnece, illustrated by '^ rust/' ^' bunt/"* and " mildew '' on corn, the last vestiges of tlie sexual form of repro- duction disappear, the gonidial condition alone remain- ing, and in the Basidiomycetes the gonidiophores or hyph83 directly bearing the gonidia have assumed characteristic and permanent forms, henceforth known as basidia, and the reproductive bodies to which they give origin are called spores. In the Protohasidiomy' cetes the basidia are septate ; in the genus Pilacre the basidium is formed from the cylindrical, swollen tip of a hypha which is divided into four equal cells by three transverse septa, each cell giving origin to a single spore. In Tremella the basidia appear as the swollen tips of hypha?, which, soon become divided at the apex by two vertical septa crossing each other at right angles, each of the four apical portions elongates into a long, slender, tapering tube, continuous with the cavity of the swollen basal portion or basidium, known as a sterigma. Each sterigma finally becomes swollen at the apex, into these swellings the whole of the protoplasm contained in the basidium and sterigmata becomes concentrated, the swollen tips are then separated from the cavity of the sterigmata by the formation of the transverse septa, and drop off as mature spores. In the AtitohaMiomy cetes the basi- dium is met with in its most highly differentiated condition, and consists at first of a large, terminal, clavate cell, producing at the apex four slender, spine- like sterigmata, each carrying a spore at its apex. In Dacryomyces and allied genera only two sterigmata are present on a basidium. In all cases basidia are Bi'itish Fmwi. tb tlie modified tips of ordinary liyph^e. Spores produced on basidia are called hasidiospores, Basidia are usually produced in considerable numbers, and stand side by side, their tips collectively forming the free surface of the structure, which is known as the Tiymenium. In addition to basidia, other structures are usually present in the h\menium, csiiled paraphyses and cystidia. The former resemble basidia in shape, but "are usually smaller, never produce sterigmata, and are by some authors considered as barren basidia. Cystidia are cylindrical or fusiform cells, usually much larger than the basidia in the same hymenium, and project above the general surface. In some sec- tions of the Basidiomycetes they are very numerous, giving to the hymenium a velvety appearance ; in others entirely absent. The most important function of cystidia is in connection with transpiration, or the escape of water from the tissues. This function can be well studied in the species of Peniopliora which form broadly-extended whitish or buff-coloured patches on old trunks, to which they are firmly attached by the w^hole of the under surface, the upper or free surface being entirely covered with the hymenium. Under a pocket-lens the hymenium appears minutely setulose or velvety, and if a thin section through the fungus is examined under the microscope, the under surface will be seen to consist of densely interwoven hyphaB, from which originate the elements of the hymenium, basidia, paraphyses, and numerous, relatively very large, fusiform cystidia. These latter are colourless, and have their walls at first perfectly smooth, but with age the portion projecting above the level of Morphology. 29 the hymeDiam becomes crusted externally witli minute, colourless masses of oxalate of lime. Now, oxalate of lime is a product of metabolism, and so long* as it remains in contact with the cell-sap is held in solution, and in this condition is carried out of the tissues through the cystidia along with the water of transpiration. Once outside the tissues, the water evaporates, leaving the lime in the solid con- dition. In Ilymenochaete, a genus allied to Penijjhorciy the very numerous, elongated cystidia have very thick walls, of a dark brown colour, and remain perfectly smooth, and do not appear to be concerned with transpiration. In the Basidiomj/cetcs it is per- fectly certain that the three organs described as con- stituting the hymenium are homologous. Those hyphee of the hymenophore that give origin to the hymenial elements usually become branched in a corymbose manner, and it is not difficult to meet with such corymbs loosely compacted or even isolated in the simpler types, as Corticium, Coniopliora, and PGiiiphora, where the hymenium is frequently imper- fectly developed. Such examples not unfrequently have the terminal branches of the corymb differen- tiated into basidia, paraphyses, and cystidia respec- tively. Cystidia have not been met with in the Ascomy- cetes, paraphyses on the other hand are generally very numerous and homologous with the paraphyses of the B asicUomjj ceteSj inasmuch as both originate from the hyphae of the sporophore, but if the idea proves to be correct that the asci originate from ascogenous hyphie, distinct from the hyphce of the sporophore, 30 British Fungi. and tlie outcome of sexual fertilization_, tlien tlie asci will notbe liomologous_,but only analogous with basidia. In addition to the modes of reproduction already described^ which are the most highly evolved in the various sections of which they are respectively characteristic^ it is important to bear in mind that other modes of reproduction exists in fact thousands of fungi have two, and in many cases more than two, distinct forms of reproductive organs, usually very dissimilar in both structure and origin. All such as do not come under the types of reproductive organs already described, are known collectively as gonidial modes of reproduction, and agree in'being asexual in origin. Such gonidial reproductive organs are most frequent in the Phy corny cetes and Ascomycetes, but are by no means rare in the B asidiomy cetes , and in the first named group are as a rule far more character- istic of the species, from the systematist's point of view, than the sexual reproductive organs. For example, in many species of 2Iuccr, popularly called moulds, and PeroJiospora, the white cobweb-like mildews on the leaves of living plants, the gonidial stasre is the only one known. In such cases the accepted proof that the gonidial condition of a species, where the sexual stage is unknown, belongs to the same genus as another species having both gonidial and sexual modes of reproduction, depends on close morphological and biological agreements between the two gonidial forms. In other species the gonidial phase is absent. Gonidial or secondary reproductive organs present far more variety of structure than the j)rimary ones already described, and will be explained Morphology. 3 1 in detail under the various groups to wliicli tLej belong. At present it will be sufficient to state that the spore-like bodies called gonidia may be produced in a mother-cell by free cell-formation. In such cases the mother-cell is called a sporangium, and is at least analogous with an ascus, and the contained gonidia analogous with ascospores. In some genera belonging to the Fliy corny cetes, as PhytoptJiora, Cystopus, and Achlya^the gonidia on their escape from the sporangium possess the power of spontaneous movement for alimited period, and are called swar?n-$pores, zoospores, or zoogonidia, on account of their animal-like movements. In the Ascomycetes the gonidia are almost always pro- duced at the tips of slender hyphal filaments, which either remain short, densely crowded, and contained within a pseudo-cellular coveriDg, or remain naked, that is, not contained within a special covering, and in this case the hypha3 are frequently much branched. To this last type belong most of the forms popularly known as moulds, but it must be borne in mind that the term mould has no scientific value, and also in- cludes many forms of gonidia produced in sporangia, as in Mucor. In the Phy corny cetes and Ascomycetes the gonidial stage often precedes the ascosporous con- dition, but in numerous instances in the same groups the two phases develop simultaneously. Until recently gonidia were considered rare in the large division of tlie Basidiomy cetes. Brefeld, however, has shown that in this group gonidial forms are as general and as various in structure as in any other group, and may develop as independent structures or spring from the basidia producing sporophores. The hyphaa ."^2 British Fund. o^ o> giving origin to gonidia, -wlietlier contained in sporangia or naked at the tips of the branches, are called gonidioplwres. It will doubtless have been already observed that the gonidia produced at the tips of hyphse are homologous with basidiospores, inasmuch as both are asexual in origin, and in the Basidiomycetes both originate from specialized hjphss forming the same sporophore, and in all probability, in the last named group more especially, the difference between gonidia and basidiospores may be expressed by the statement that the two forms represent the two extremes of differentiation of one primitive type, the gonidia! mode of reproduction. The reason for this statement will be better understood later on. It has been already mentioned that in certain species the gonidial form alone is present, and also that when such gonidial forms approximate closely to others having also the higher reproductive condition developed, the incomplete form is considered as be- longing to the same genus as the perfect form, or that possessing both modes of reproduction. As an ex- ample of the above ; according to the old method of classification, before it was known that certain fungi possessed two or more distinct modes of reproduction, it was considered that every spore or gonidia-produc- ing form was a true and distinct species. Now, accord- ing to this idea, several mould-like fungi producing naked spores (gonidia of to-day), and agreeing in all essential points, were included in a genus called Botrytis, or Polyadis of some authors. This assemblage of forms was accepted as constituting a genus con- sisting of genuine and complete individuals, until it Morphology, 33 was clearly proved tbat one species, Botrijtis cinerea, common in Britain, formed a sclerotium_, and that this sclerotium, after a period of rest, gives origin to one or more sporophores, producing spores, contained in asci and agreeing in every detail with the genus Peziza, belonging to the Ascomycetes. Now this important discovery reduced the supposed species, Botrytis cinerea, to that of the gonidial form of the ascomycetous fungus Peziza Candolleana [=TIymeno- scypha Candolleana). Since this discovery, fungo- logists, from analogy, consider that all the supposed species of the old genus Botrytis are gonidial forms of Peziza, and consequently the genus Botrytis has been abolished. Such genera as Botrytis , that have from time to time been established for the reception of forms that have since been shown to be gonidial condi- tions of other fungi, are calledby De Bary/orm-r/e?i^r«, and the species included in such genera form-species. Accordincr to the old methods of classification, three large groups of fungi, llypliomyectes, Spliairopsidead, 'dudMelanconieWf the two latter {=C onio my ceteso£ some authors) including over eight thousand species from all parts of the world, are considered by many to con- sist entirely of form-genera and form-species, and that they are in reality not entities in themselves, but gonidial forms belonging mostly to the Ascomycetes. Kecent researches on the life-history of fungi and special methods of culture have proved this view to be correct in numerous instances, yet there is a large number of these supposed form-species that have not been shown to have any connection with any higher species. This may be to a great extent due to the fact 34 British Fungi, tliat no atfcempfc has been made in tliis direction, and it is probable that in many cases the higher form of a species has been completely arrested, the gonidial phase alone remaining. And again, in many instances where two forms of reproduction have been clearly proved to exist, it has been shown that the two forms need not necessarily alternate, but that either form, more especially the gonidial phase, can reproduce itself for an indefinite period, the sexual or higher form being rarely developed. Tulasne was the first to indicate clearly the fact that numerous forms hitherto accepted as species were but phases in the development of other fungi, and this condition of things he called fleomoriphism^ which is the term at present used to express the occurrence of more than one independent form in the life cycle of a species, and as already stated, pleomorphic fungi are the rule rather than the exception. Tulasne's discovery has been developed and rendered practicable by the exact method of conducting artificial cultiva- tions introduced by De Bary, to whom more than to any other individual we are indebted for the know- ledge we possess relating to the morphology and pleomorphism of the fungi. The fact of two or more forms growing in close proximity or even apparently from each other, or follo^ving each other always in the same order of time, does not prove that such forms are stages m the development of one individual; such occurrences may be accepted as suggestive, but it must ever be remembered that the only proof of two or more forms being stages in the life cycle of one species depends on being able to produce the one Morphology. 35 form from the spores or goniclia of tlie otlter^ or to show that the two phases are in organic continuity. Parasitism between fungi has led to mistakes in this connection. In the Uredinese, a group of fungi parasitic on living plants^ pleomorphism was first demonstrated by De Bary, who showed that three independent forms, hitherto considered as distinct species, were in reality only phases in the life cycle of one species. The first form, called Ureclo linearis, appears on the leaves of wheat during the summer in the form of minute red streaks formed by closely compacted, one-celled, brown, minutely warted spores ; daring the autumn the same mycelium that produced the Uredo during the early part of the year gives origin to blackish streaks consisting of spores that are quite distinct from the Uredo spores in being smooth, two-celled and darker in colour. This received the name of Puccinia graminis. The Puccini a spores, after having remained during the winter in a passive state, germinate and produce small secondary spores, these must find their way on to the surface of a barberry leaf, where they germinate, enter the tissues of the leaf, and within a short period of time give origin to a minute fungus that was called ^ciclium herheridis, and popularly known as cluster -cicps. Finally, when the ^cidium spores are placed on the leaves of young wheat plants, the Uredo form is again produced. Now, in the above example of pleomorphism, it can be proved beyond doubt, and with comparative ease, the three forms enumerated are phases belonging to one species, because the spores of the Uredo stage can be D 2 36 British Ftmgi. made to produce the Puccinia stage by sowing tliem on wheat leaves in the autumn, and the Puccinia spores, if kept until the following spring- and then placed on a barberry leaf, in turn produce the ^cidium stage, the spores of which when placed on wheat leaves, commence the cycle afresh by giving origin to the Uredo stage. The complete fungus, including the three forms, is now known as Puccinia graminis. Al- though the above sequence of forms is what may be termed the normal order of things in the development of the species, yet it has been shown that the existence of the species is not dependent on the rigid following out of this sequence. It is well known that the spores of the Uredo form w^hen sown on wheat, and also some other grasses, give origin to a similar Uredo form during the summer months, and further, that under certain unknown conditions the Uredo and Puccinia forms can reproduce themselves for several years in succession, without the intervention of the ^cidial form ; hence, although proved beyond doubt that the forms above given belong to one species, yet we are not thoroughly acquainted with the relative impor- tance of the several forms as affecting the existence of the species, in other words, we do not know its complete life-history ; and it is not saying too much to state that we are not at present acquainted with all the possibilities involved in the life-history of any one fungus. Nevertheless, much is known in this direction, and new observations are being daily added to the stock of information. Undoubtedly mistakes and misinterpretations are made, as would naturally be expected in connection with such investigations,, Mo7'pholog'y, 3 7 but tlie lionest worker can well afford to ignore the ridicule so liberally meted by many members of the Friesian school of f ungologists ; and at the present day, the person who considers that investigations con- nected with the life-history of species are not indis- pensable factors, may safely conclude that he has mistaken his vocation in taking up the study of fungi as a scientific pursuit. Of course, there is no absolute harm in a person endeavouring, by the aid of books and pictures, to find out the name given by some one else to the fungi met with during excursions, nor even in drawing up a list of the same for publication, but at the same time it does not require more than a mind of average constitution to realize that the amount of time and labour bestowed in the production of such a list results in the minimum of additional knowledge imparted to the world at large. The lio^t is the name given to any plant or animal supporting a parasitic fungus. It will have been noted that the pleomorphic fungus, Puccinia gramiriit;, li*ves at different periods on two distinct host plants, the Uredo and Puccinia stages being passed on wheat or some graminaceous plant, whereas the ^cidium stage is spent on barberry leaves. The term lleterce' cism or Metoecism is used to ex"Dress this condition of things, and in the Uredinese- heteroecismal species are common. In connection with the study of fungi, the word sjpore can scarcely be said to have a scientific or exact meaning. It has always been used in connection with specialized reproductive bodies, but, as already ex- plained, reproductive cells are of various kinds, and 3S British Fungi, originate in various ways_, some sexual^ otiiers asexual. Tlien again, in the Bcmdiomycetes, where there is sup- posed to be no trace of sexual organs, we find differ- ences of degree in the spores, as basidiospores and the organs we have called gonidia. Numerous classifications of the various kinds of spores have been suggested from time to time, and every classifier as a matter of course gives a new set of names to the various forms. But all such arrangements are prema- ture, for the simple reason that we do not know the relative functions or orisfin of the various kinds. As an example, it has been suggested that the term spore should be reserved for reproductive cells of sexual origin. This idea answers very well for what we have called oospores and zygospores, where the sexuality is placed beyond doubt and universally admitted, but when we come to ascospores a grave difficulty arises, because, as already stated, the best authorities are diametrically opposed in opinion as to the presence or absence of sexual organs of functional value in the Ascomycetes. Equally grave difficulties present them- selves in connection with what we have termed gonidial forms. Using the term spore in the broader sense already indicated, the general structure is as follows : — when ripe the cell-membrane consists of two layers, an outer, the exospore or epispore, and an inner, the endospore ; these may in turn be stratified, and, on the application of sulphuric acid, split up into several layers. In acrogenously formed spores, that is, spores formed by differentiation of the tip of a hypha, as basidiospores, in addition to the epispore and endo- Morphology. 39 spore^ there is frequently present a layer external to the epispore, whicli is in reality a continuation of tlie wall of the parent hypha, the true spore with its own cell-membrane, composed of epispore and endospore, being differentiated within the hyphal wall. This ex- ternal membrane De Bary calls the j)rimaY\j laviella. In addition to the membranes already described, many spores, both acrogenous and ascospores, have a gelatinous outer layer, which swells up in water and eventually disappears. This gelatinous substance, in the case of many ascospores, forms variously shaped appendages to the spores. Its origin is uncertain. In coloured spores the colour is usually confined to the epispore, which may be smooth or variously orna- mented with warts, spines, or ridges, the latter frequently anastomosing to form a reticulation. The endospore is smooth and usually colourless. Some spores have pits in their membrane, which in many species serve as places of exit for the germ-tubes during germination, and are called c/erm-pores ; in other instances these pits serve no known function. Nuclei, as already stated, have been demonstrated in many spores, but the term nucleus as used by systematists refers to drops of oil or some fatty matter, and disappears on the application of dilute hydrate of potash. The dispersion of spores is effected in various ways. A common method in many Ascomycetes is as follows : — when the spores are mature, the wall of the ascus, which is elastic, becomes considerably extended by a constantly increasing quantity of watery fluid. This expansion is most marked in the upper half of the ascus^ and when the wall has reached its maximum 40 Briiisk Ftuigi. of extension^ suddenly becomes ruptured near tlie apex ; at the same time the elastic lateral wall con- tracts, and the spores are driven out through the open- ing. In many species there is a definitely circum- scribed apical portion of the ascus which is either carried completely away or remains attached by one side after dehiscence^ the spores passing through the opeiiing formed. In many Ascomycetes, especially in the group known as the Discomycete.^, the spores are ejected in little clouds at intervals, due to the simul- taneous dehiscence of numerous asci. This " puffing '^ can be produced by shaking the fungus or by an elevation of temperature. If a mature gill-bearing fungus, as the common mushroom, is fixed with the gills downwards about an inch above a sheet of white paper, and allowed to remain for some hours, the spores will fall, and it will be seen that they have spread on the 2:)aper for some distance beyond the radius of the pileus, showing that they have been ejected by some means, and that this dispersion is not due to a disturbance of the atmosphere, can be proved by ]3lacing a bell-jar over the fungus. According to Fayod,^ when the spores are mature, water accumu- lates in the sterigmata, w'hich causes a sudden expan- sion of the septum at the apex, and the spores are jerked off. In the group including the puffballs, Lycoperclonj and the earth-stars, Geaster, there is a dense mass of differentiated hyphse forming the ccqrillitiumj which assist by their elasticity in dis- persing the spores, while in the Phalloidese, illus- * Histoire Xaturelle des Agaricines. Ann, Sci. Nat., ser. vii., vcl. ix., p. 181. MorpJiology. 4 1 trated by the common stinkliorrij Itliy pJicdlus com- munis J there is usually a combination of colour^ smell and a sweet mucilaginous substance in which the minute spores are imbedded ; these attractions draw numerous flies, that feed on the sweet mucus contain- ing the spores, which are supposed to be dispersed through their agency. In concluding this portion of the subject, I venture once more to impress on the reader the fact that a clear knowledge of the structure or morphology of fungi is indispensable as a preliminary to their study from the systematic standpoint; and further, that De Bary's work on this subject, which has been trans- lated into English,'-^ is the best that can be obtained, and I take the opportunity of acknowledging my in- debtedness to this work in preparing the foregoing. Brefeld's works ^ on fungi, written in German, also contain a mine of information, dealing more especially with the life-history of species. Those desirous of working at the life-history of fungi will do well to study an article by Professor Marshall Ward,- as illustrating the exact method followed in tracing the history of a minute mould belonging to the form-genus Polyactis, and I may add that we have several more species belonging to the same genus in Britain, along with hundreds of others respecting whose life-history we know nothing. ^ Comparative Morphology and Biology of the Fungi, Myce- tozoa, and Bacteria. English Edition. (Clarendon Press Series.) ^ Untersuchuugen aus dem gessamtgebite der Mykologie. Heften I.-VII. " A lily disease. Annals of Botany, vol. ii., No. vii., Nov., 1888. 42 British Fungi, GEOGRArHTCAL DISTRIBUTION. According to the latest systematic work on fungi/ tliere are over thirty thousand known species from all parts of the world. This number^ of course, includes what have been called form species, and yet in spite of these vast numbers, owing to our imperfect knowledge of the mycologic flora of many large areas, it is impossible to compare the flora of one continent with that of another, excepting Europe and North America, yet sufficient is known to justify the statement that fungi are as widely distributed as any other forms of plant life. One great draw^back to the mode of life adopted by fungi, that of beiog saprophytes or parasites, as compared with chlorophyll-bearing plants, is their dependence on the presence of the latter, because, disregardiog the comparatively few fungi that depend on members of the animal kingdom for their food, we find that the great bulk of species obtain their food directly from the vegetable kingdom, and to a very great extent from the phanerogamic division. This dependence is most pronounced in the case of fungus parasites, and more especially in the numerous cases where the fungus has become so specialized as to be confined to the members of one particular natural order of flowering plants for its host, and in many instances even confined to a single species, hence the distribution of parasitic fungi is limited to the dis- tribution of their hosts. But as a rule the distribution of the fungus is more restricted than that of its host ; nevertheless, such minute fungi are often very per- 2 Sylloge Fungorum. P. A. Saccardo. Geographical Dish^ibidion. 43 sistent in following their hosts. The potato was intro- duced into Europe by the Spaniards before the middle of the sixteenth century, and its fungus parasite, Fliijto'ptliora infestans, found on the wild potato in Chili and Peru, followed, or at all events first attracted attention by its sudden onslaught on potato crops two hundred years later. Saprophytic fungi enjoy a greater amount of freedom in this respect, yet the great majority obtain their food from decaying vegetable matter, and here too, in most instances a certain amount of selection is exercised, as it is well known that we have fungi characteristic of fir-woods, beech-woods, open pastures, &c. The general dis- tribution of the large fleshy and woody species is best known, and the soft, annual, gill-bearing species, included in the genus Agaricus in the wider sense, are especially characteristic of the colder parts of the north temperate zone, but species are scattered throughout the tropics, more especially at great elevations. The more persistent and leathery or woody gill-bearing species which connect the Agariciness with the PolyporesBj as Lenzites and Lentinus, are cosmopolitan, but are far more numerous and more highly developed in the tropics. In the Polyporece. the genus Boletus is characteristic of cold zones, Polyporus and Trametes extend from the colder portions of the north temperate zone to the tropics, but both genera are by far most numerous in the latter region, while the genera Favolus, Hexagona, and Laschia are very common in the tropics and exceedingly rare in temperate regions. The following summary the of distribution of the Eymenomycetes 44 British Fungi. by Cooke* generally liolds good. '''When tlie majority of the species of a genus are of a fleshy con- sistence, it may generally be concluded that that genus belongs to a northern region, even if it should have some representatives in lands which enjoy more sunshine. Thus the Ilydna are the principal orna- ments of northern forests, vs'here they attain so luxuriant a growth and beauty that every other country must yield the palm to Sweden in respect to them. In an allied genus, that of Irpex, the texture assumes a coriaceous consistence, and we find its species to be more especially inhabitants of warm climates.^' In the Gastromycetes, the most highly differentiated genera are characteristic of tropical regions, this is more especially true of the Phalloide^, of which group we have only four European species, and of these three are met with in Britain. The Lycoperdess are most abundant in cool regions. The species of Lycoperdon are widely distributed, one common British species, Lycoperdon pusillum, has the following known range : Europe, North America, South America, Tropical and South Africa, Lower Pegu, East Nepal, Java, Ceylon, China, Bonin Islands, Australia, New Zealand. Too little attention has been paid by travellers to the collection of minute fungi to enable any estimate of their distribution being given, nevertheless sufficient is known to show that all the families are represented in every part of the world. It is a fact well known to field mycologists that the relative abundance of species or individuals during a given season depends on a combination of circumstances * " Fungi, their Nature, Influences, and uses," p. 274. Fossil Fungi, 45 not clearly understood, and it is further known that no one set of circumstances is equally favourable to the development of all species ; for example, a survey of the reports of our various fungus forays, extending over several years, which refer almost entirely to the Agaricinese, reveal such statements as the following: — ■ A great scarcity of white-spored species ; Cortmarii especially abundant ; brown-spored species practically absent, &c. The same remarks apply to the minute parasitic species. It has been noted that after a succession of two or three dry seasons there is always a scarcity of fleshy fungi, however favourable the following season may be. This favours the idea that the spores of the Agaricinese do not retain their vitality longer than a single season. As a rule, it may be stated that in temperate regions, dry weather, especially if the temperature is high, checks the de- velopment of fungi, whereas moist weather with a sufficiently high temperature, favours their develop- ment, but moisture alone does not effect this object. Fossil Fungi. The tissues of the majority of fungi are ill adapted for preservation in a fossil state, hence the group is but poorly represented. Nevertheless, evidences are not wanting to prove the existence of fungi at geologi- cally early periods. Mr. Worthington G. Smith has described ^ and figured a member of the Phycomycetes resembling the recent genus Peronospora, found in ^ Gard. Chron., Oct. 20, 1887 ; also in " Diseases of Field and Garden Crops," p. 331. 46 British Fungi. tlie tissues of a fossil Lepidodendron from the coal measures. Itis culled Peronosporites ant iquarius. W. Sm. Mycelium is met with in the tissues of the vascular cryptogams in early PaLxozoic times. The Ascomycetes are first met with under forms closely resembling Sphse- ria in the Cretaceous rocks, while the Basidiomycetes first appear under the form of Polyporus and allied woody genera in tertiary times. The sequence indicated above, from the P/i?/com?/cefes or algal-like fungi to the Basidiomycetes, agrees with the idea already expressed regarding the evolution of the fungi. The lichens as a group were probably differentiated at a much later geological period than the fungi, and are first met with in a fossil state in tertiary rocks, where such genera as Parmelia, Ramalina, Lecidea, Cladonia, and GrapMs occur, and have continued to the present time. LiCnEN-rORMING FuxGi. Up to the year 1860 the time-honoured group of Thallogens or Cellular' plants was, considered to con- sist of three well-defined sections, Algse, Fungi, and LicheneSy collectively characterized by the absence of fibro-vascular elements. At the present day it has been shown that onlv two divisions exist, and further that the sujoposed absence of highly differentiated tissues is not supported, but disproved, by recent researches. The following remarks by Dr. Scott ^ explain sufficiently the latter statement : — " Very On some recent progress in our knowledge of the Anatomy of Plants, Ann. Bot., vol. iv., p. 147. L ic hen-forming Fit ng i. 4 7 striking advance has recently been made in our know- ledo;e of tlie internal structure of other classes of plants^ and especially of the Algte ... I need only call attention to the discovery of sieve-tubes in the larger brown Algse. The work of Parker, Will, and Oliver has shown that these structures are in all respects comparable to the sieve-tubes of the highest plants — a surprising result, which by itself is sufficient to show that the term * cellular- plants ' can no longer be applied generally to the Algas. There can be no doubt that further investigation will bring to light a very high differentiation of tissues in some of these plants. ""^ Concerning the primary divisions ofthe ThallopJiytes, the Algds and the Fungi are yet considered as pos- sessing their individuality. The Lichenes, however, have been proved beyond doubtto consist of fungi para- sitic upon alga3. It has been already stated that nu- merous fungi are parasitic on phanerogams or flowering plants, but in most such cases the fungus is parasitic in the generally accepted sense of the term parasitic, the benefit being all in favour of the fungus and to the decided disadvantage of the host, whereas in lichers — fungi parasitic on algce — both parasite and host mutually benefit, and frequently to such an ex- tent that neither parasite nor host can exist indepen- dent, but to this statement there are proved excep- tions. This condition of things is expressed by the various terms, cominensalism, mutualism, symbiosis, &c. The algal portion of the ftmgtis, possessing chlorophyll, assimilates carbonic dioxide, and forms organic carbon compoundsj while the mycelium of the -CCc r \.-v V \^ 4^ British Fiinori. fungal portion absorbs the required mineral substances from the substratum. Schwendener was the first to indicate the true nature of lichens." Bornet followed ^ by showing that in numerous instances the so-called gonidia or algal portion of lichens could with certainty be referred to known species of algie, and further succeeded in producing a lichen synthetically by sowing the spores of Parmelia parietina with Proto- coccus. Quite recently Bonnier has published ^ the results of investigations extending over several years on the nature of lichens, and gives a long list of species that he has produced artificially, by sowing the spores of lichens with species of algge corresponding to those met with in the same species of lichens grow- ing naturally. Various methods of culture were adopted, the details of which are given in detail, and the article teems with additional proofs and corrobo- rations of the correctness of vSchwendener^s views concerning the nature of lichens. The same author has also shown ^ that the spores of lichens germinate readily on the protonema of mosses, but in this case mutualism is not manifested, consequently we have no perfect lichens having for their chlorophyllose element the protonema of mosses. It is difficult to conceive that lichens originated as we now understand them, and from analogy, it is probable that in the first in- " Untersuchungen liber den Flechtenthallus, in Xageli's Brete. zuv Wissensch. Bot., 1860. ' Eecherches sur les Gonidies des Lichens, Ann. Sci. Xat. (Bot.), vol. xvii., 1873. ^ Eecherches sur la sjuthese des Lichens, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. vii., vol. ix. pp. 1-34, 1889. ^ Germination des spores de lichens sur les protonemas des mousses. Rev. generale de Bot., vol. i., p. 165, t. 1, 1889. Lichen-formtng Fungi. 49 stance fungi were parasitic on algae at the expense and ultimate destruction of the latter, and that the present perfect mutualism between alga and fungus has been acquired by degrees. Differences of degree are ob- servable in the parasitism of fungi on phanerogams at the present day, although no known examples of true mutualism, between fungi and phanerogams are known to exist. Numerous species of lichens are parasitic on the evergreen coriaceous leaves of phane- rogams. In the genera Goniocybe, Sphmctrina, Calicium', &c., universally acknowledged by licheno- logists as lichens, several species have no trace of gonidia or algge, and in the terminology of lichenolo- gists, the thallus or portion containing algge is then said to be obsolete, but it is not difficult to realize that certain species belonging to a given genus of fungi have acquired the condition of mutualism with an alga while others have not done so. The fungal con- stituent of the great majority of lichens belongs to the Ascomycetes, but recently two small groups of lichens have been discovered where the fungus element belongs to the Basidiomycetes and Gastromycetes respectively. It is only fair to state that even at the present day most of the leading liehenologists are entirely opposed to the views stated above regarding^ the nature of lichens, and consider that the whole lichen, including what has been termed alga and fungus respectively, can be produced from the spore of a lichen, but it is important to bear in mind the fact that no one has demonstrated this supposition, and although much has been written by liehenologists supporting the autonomy of lichens, not a particle E 50 British Fungi. of evidence lias been brou^^lit forward ao^ainst Scliwender's views. Myxogastres. The Mijxogastres, Myxomycetes, or M'jcetozoa are names given by different authors to a small but widely distributed group of organisms common in Britain, on decaying wood, &c., under the form of individually small, often brightly coloured bodies, rendered con- spicuous by beiDg usually gregarious in habit, and on account of their resemblance in miniature to the puff- balls or Gastromycetes, were considered by the old authors as belonging to the fungi. It is now koown that the Myxogastres are not fungi, from which group they differ in many important features, more especially in the remarkable structure of the vegetative phase, which may briefly be described as follows. The spores on germination give origin to one or mere motile zoospores furnished with cilia, or to naked amoeboid cells, which after a short period of activity lose their cilia and combine together in considerable numbers, forming a mass of naked protoplasm called Si Plasmodium, frequently of considerable size, and still possessing the power of voluntary movement. The Plasmodium is surrounded by a yielding external pellicle, which usually gives a cellulose reaction, but is not broken up into distinct cells enclosed in cell-walls, and there is a total absence of hyphse. The Plasmo- dium remains during its vegetative phase in the interior of decayed wood, or amongst vegetable humus, where it creeps about in search of food, and Afyxoo as f res . 5 1 eventually comes to tlie surface previous to the re- productive phase, when a portion of the substance of the Plasmodium becomes differentiated into a protec- tive body or sporangium. The remainder of the proto- plasm enclosed within the sporangium produces the spores, which are frequently mixed with threads form- ing the capillitium, or spore-dispersing apparatus. The spores on germination produce a plasmodium. The late Professor de Bary, to whom we are indebted for the greater part of the knowledge we possess respecting the morphology and biology of the Mj/xo- gastres, considered the group as' being more allied to the animal than to the vegetable kingdom, and as having most affinity with the simple animal organisms known as the Flagellates. The supposed proof of aflSnity is derived from the peculiar nature of the My ceo - gastres during the vegetative phase as described above, and not from the motile zoospores produced by the spores on germination, as the last character is possessed by many undoubted members of the vege- table kingdom. As to whether the Myxogastres are plants or animals cannot be discussed except at con- siderable length, and does not especially concern us here, where it is sufficient to remember that they differ from the fungi in the total absence of hyphce and in the formation of a plasmodium. Bactekia, oe Schtzomtcetes. The Bacteria were considered as fungi until recently, mainly on the fact of being cryptogams without chlorophyll. The individual cells are usually exceedingly minute, and when placed under favourable E 9 52 British Fungi. conditions reproduce tliemselves by repeated hi- partition, each cell dividing into two daughter- cells, through several generations. This bipartitiou usually takes place in one direction only, and as the cells usually remain in contact for some time, strings of cells result. Some species contain chlorophyll. As a rule the individuals are produced in immense numbers, which are collected in gelatinous colonies, and not unfrequently these colonies are brilliantly coloured. Many forms exhibit movements similar to swarm-spores in fluids ; these mrvements have in some instances been traced to the presence of extremely fine cilia. In addition to the vegetative mode of re- production by fission, spores are produced, and ac- cording to their mode of formation, the group is divided into Endosporous Bacteria and Artliro soporous Bacteria. In the first group usually one spore is formed within each cell, in the latter group the individual cells become spores. De Bary considers that the course of development of the Bacteria does not point to any close affinity with the fungi, and the forms of Bacillus and Sjnrillum that contain chloro- phyll are certainly not fungi. The same author considers that the starting point of the group is in touch with the Flag Mat ess, with a divergence towards the Algse and the Myxogastres. Collection and Presekvation of Fungi. Fungi can be examined best when fresh, never- theless, a well preserved specimen is of great value from the systematic standpoint, and in numerous instances suffers so little from drying that, on being Collection and Preservation of Fitngi. 5 soaked in water, it is almost equal to a fresh specimen. It is true that in drying the colour in most instances disappears or becomes much duller than when living-, but the earnest student will make ^^ketches and notes of those peculiarities presented by the fresh specimens which are certain to disappear on drying, amongst which may be mentioned, colour, smell, taste, viscidity, &c. Habitat should also be noted, and in the case of fungi parasitic on living plants or animals, tlie name of the host should be given, as in many instances certain species are, so far as is known, confined to one host. But in this connection it is important to guard the student against the slipshod method, in vogue at> the present day, of assuming that a fungus is a given species merely because found on a certain host. It may be argued that because the above points are not usually noted in exsiccati, or collections of fungi offered for sale, that they are not indispensable, but unfortunately it is too evident that in many instances such sets are prepared for the sole purpose of obtain- ing a good percentage on the time and money ex- pended on their production. The numerous efipliy lions fungi, or species growing upon leaves, are easily preserved, the leaves being dried between sheets of absorbent paper in the usual way, only sufficient pressure being applied to keep the leaves flat. The minute forms belonging to the AscomyceteSj that to the naked eye appear as black or red points on bark and wood, must be cut away with sufficient of the matrix to show the general habit of the species. The pieces must be thoroughly dried before being put away, otherwise they will probably be 54 . British Fungi, covered with mould, aud the specimens for which the piece was collected be ruined. In the case of large woody species of Pohjporus and allied genera, where the entire fungus is too large for herbarium purposes, a section about half an inch thick through the entire fungus gives a good idea of its form and general structure (such sections are easily made with a fine saw). If the specimen has a stem, the section would of course be through the central portion of that part. The surface of the stem should also be preserved, as it often presents characters of importance in the dis- crimination of species. The numerous form- species collectively constituting the Ilypliomycetes, and popu- larly known as moulds, are difficult to preserve, and after being thoroughly dried, are best kept in shallow boxes. In collecting such forms, a portion of the matrix or substance on which the fungus is growing is cut away, and when perfectly dry, stuck by means of gum to the bottom of the box, or better still, to the inside of the lid, which can then be removed for examination under a low power of the microscope, the box itself being stuck to a sheet of paper of the size adopted for the herbarium. Sketches showing the general habit, mode of branching, presence or absence of septa, and mode of attachment, also shape of spores, should be made from the fresh specimen ; these, if not coloured, should be accompanied by notes describing colour, &c. Moulds, when collected, should be placed separately in small boxes, and pinned down or fixed in some way to prevent the spores from being knocked oS", which would certainly happen if placed loose in the box. The fleshy fungi, containing a large amount of Collection and Preservation of Fungi, 55 water, undergo the greatest amount of change in drying. The cup-shaped species belonging to PezizasLnd allied genera, should be allowed to part with their moisture, and then slightly flattened, but not pressed so as to crush the specimens unnecessarily. The larger forms, such as species of Morcliellcij may with advantage be cut down the centre, being too bulky for herbarium specimens when dried entire. The bright colour of the hymenium of many species disappears or becomes changed during drying, and should be noted when fresh, the note accompanying the dried specimen, in fact, a duplicate of the notes and sketches made should always be placed along with the specimen in the herbarium. In the Agaricine^, or gill-bearing fungi, dried specimens, unless carefully prepared, are worth- less, hence careful sketches and notes taken from the living specimen are indispensable. The smaller species, after being allowed to part with a considerable amount of moisture, may be placed under slight pressure, and it is best to place the specimens at once on the paper where they are intended to remain, as in pressing they usually stick to the paper. If oiled paper, or the preparation known as vegetable parchment, is placed upon the specimens when first exposed to slight pressure, it can be removed without adhering to the specimens, which after being pressed flat should again be exposed to the air to dry. If sections are not prepared, it is necessary that specimens should be so arranged as to show both upper and under side of the fileus or cap, in fact, as the student will readily under- stand, it is impossible to have too many illustrations of a species, and not simply to illustrate the points 56 British Fungi, that are considered of specific value at any given period. Special care should be taken to preserve the ring present on the stem of many species, which is often very loosely attached at maturity, and also the volva or sheath at the base of the stem, which is also of great importance in determining the section to which the specimen belongs. Hence, in collecting, it is not sufficient to simply pull up the fungus, as by so doing the volva would almost certainly remain in the ground, as in many agarics and Plialloidese. Specimens of different ages are required to illustrate properly an agaric, as it is of importance to know whether the margin of the pileus is incurved or straight during the young stage. The mode of attachment of the lamellse or gills to the stem is of great importance, and should always be clearly shown in dried speci- mens. Finally, the spores should be preserved in the mass in a separate packet, and placed with the speci- men in the herbarium. These may be obtained by cutting off the stem of a mature specimen, and placing the pileus, gills downwards, on apiece of paper, and allowing it to remain until the spores fall on the paper. If the specimen is a dark-spored species, generally indicated by the colour of the gills, white paper should be used, and black paper when the spores are white. The large fleshy agarics and Boleti should be cut into sections and allowed to dry for a day or two before pressure is applied. Changes of colour in the flesh when broken should be noted, also the presence of ^'milk^^ ov latex, its colour and taste, whether sweeter acrid. The Gastromycetes, including puffballs, &C.J are undoubtedly of most value when not subjected Collection and Preservatio7i of Fungi, 5 7 to pressure, but such specimens certainly take up a great amount of room, and if pressed, should be so arranged that the mouth or opening through which the spores escape, can be examined. Sections are necessary, and specimens of various ages are indispen- sable, as the warts or spines which are present on many species in the young* stage eventually disappear, leaving the surface smooth and shining. There is a difference of opinion as to the best method of preserving specimens in the herbarium. Some people prefer having the specimens loose in envelopes. The advantage of this system is that the specimens can be removed and examined on both sides, the disadvantages are that the specimens are undoubtedly sooner attacked by mites, beetles, and mould when in packets, and there is the danger of mixing specimens when the contents of two or more packets are taken out at the same time for com- parison. These dangers are avoided when the speci- mens are fixed with fish-glue to paper, and when sufficient examples can be obtained to illustrate every condition, the last method is perhaps best, but where a single specimen only exists, of course it should never be glued down, as by so doing half its value is sacrificed. Moulds and other delicate fungi that will not bear friction, should be preserved in shallow boxes. Whichever method is adopted, the packets or papers with specimens glued down should be gummed to larger sheets of the size adopted for the herbarium. Foolscap size is very convenient. One species only should be fixed to a sheet, because as the work of collecting goes on, the same species from other s8 British FniiQi. localities, or different stages of development^ will pro- bably be obtained^ and it is convenient to have all the specimens of one species together, and in some vari- able species, two or more sheets of specimens may be necessary to illustrate the sequence of forms. All the species sheets of a genus should be enclosed in a genus cover or folded sheet, with the generic name written outside. The arrangement of specimens in the herbarium must be such as to enable any given species to be found without loss of time, and this is best accomplished by adopting the alphabetical ar- rangement. The genera of each family should be placed in alphabetical order, and the species of each genus similarly arranged. The herbarium must be kept in a dry place, otherwise the specimens will soon be covered with mould, as many species, even after being thoroughly dried in the first instance, become soft and absorb moisture in damp weather. To guard against the attacks of minute beetles the specimens are sometimes treated with a solution of corrosive sublimate in methylated spirit, but this is an objec- tionable method, as the sublimate is left in the form of a whitish bloom on the surface of the specimen after the spirit has evaporated, and furthermore, does nut destroy the beetles in woody specimens of the Poly- 2)ore8e, &c. A better remedy is to expose the packets to the fumes of carbon disulphide for two or three days in a closed box, but in a small collection that is constantly under supervision, a little camphor placed in the box or cabinet with the specimens is generally fiufiScient. The value of a collection in the eyes of some people depends on the number of specimens it Examination of Fungi. 59 contains, but it may be stated that dried fungi^ unless accompanied by notes made from tlie fresh specimen, including habitat and locality, may be considered in most instances as perfectly useless, consequently never waste time in collecting' and drying more speci- mens, especially of the fleshy fungi, than you can care- fully examine in the fresh state. No collection of fungi can be considered complete unless accompanied by specimens preserved in alcohol or methylated spirit. Of course there is a limit to specimens in spirit, on account of the space taken up by bottles, yet typical species of the various types in different stages of development will be found exceedingly instructive. Examination of Fungi. The most important naked 03^0 and pocket-lens characters to be noted in the fresh specimen have already been enumerated, but no fungus can be con- sidered to have been thoroughly examined, even from the specific standpoint, until its microscopic structure has been investigated. At the present day the specific characters of all the minute forms depend almost entirely on microscopic evidence, but even amongst the agarics, species that are so closely allied as to be frequently confounded from the superficial Friesian means of determination, are often clearly separated by microscopic characters, snch characters being usually furnished by those portions of the sporophore forming the hymenium. In agarics the relative size and form of the spores, absence or presence of cystidia, which also vary much in size and form, and are constant in 6o British Fims'i, s the same species, are important characters that have been almost entirely neglected. The same remarks apply to the other groups of large fungi. In reply to this statement, it may be asked, Are microscopic characters of more value than the more superficial ones adopted by Fries ? The value of a character depends entirely on its constancy, and evidence is not wanting to prove that such organs as asci, basidia, cystidia, paraphyses^ and more especially spores and gonidia are more constant than other portions of the hymenophore, perithecia, or gonidio- phores respectively. A little practice will enable any one to cut sections through the gills of an agaric that will show all the organs in their natural position, and when stained with a very weak solution of eosin in water to which a drop or two of acetic acid is added, the preparation may be permanently mounted in glycerine jelly. In the Ascomycetes, where spore characters are of great importance in the discrimina- tion of species, it will be found of great advantage to have miscroscopic preparations as standards of com- parison when examining new material. There is a tendency in some quarters at the present day to look upon spores as the only feature of importance inform- ing genera and species. As to whether an additional septum in a spore is really of generic value depends entirely on the view as to what the term genus really means, a problem at present unsolved, and likely to remain so until we know very much more of the life- history of at least the leading forms belonging to each of the large groups, and in the present unsettled state of the subject it is important in noting the Examination of Fungi, 6i • peculiarities presented by each species on examina- tion, to sketch and describe all its features, and not only those brought into prominence in the text-book used. An imperfect examination is always eventually regretted, and really amounts to so much time wasted, as sooner or later it has to be done over again. Specimens that have been dried require to be soaked in water until fully expanded before their structure can be seen, then, in the case of minute species, they should be carefully examined under a one-inch objec- tive, and afterwards a section should be cut for examination under a higher power. A good quarter- inch objective is generally sufficient to define clearly the minute characters presented by spores, as the number and arrangement of septa or markings on the surface of the wall. Many thin-walled spores, gonidia, and hyplise collapse when dry, and frequently remain in this condition after the funsfus as a whole has expanded in water. In such cases, in fact under all circumstances, it is advisable to place the spores or sections intended for microscopic examination in a weak solution of ammonic hydrate (liquid ammonia) instead of water on the slide, when in most cases the various portions will become fully expanded in a very short time. But if this does not take place, place a spring- clip over the cover-glass and raise the liquid to boiling point over a spirit lamp. Specimens expanded in this way do not collapse when mounted in glycerine jelly, whereas spores that have been expanded in water only frequently do so. In the microscopic examination of moulds it is important to observe the method of attachment of the gonidia, and also to notice whether 62 British Ftingi, • tlie latter grow singly or concatenate, that is, in neck- lace-like rows. Tliis cannot be done in water, as tlie gonidia usually break away from each, other and from the gonidiophore the instant they come in contact with, water, but if placed in alcohol or good methylated spirit no such separation of the gonidia takes place. In examining microscopic fungi do not scrape off the specimen, but cut a section. The latter process is a trifle more difficult to accomplish, but results in some- thing definite. For example, in examining one of the numerous species of fungi parasitic on living leaves, if tbe spores are scraped off they can certainly be seen, but no idea of the structure of the fungus can be gained, whereas if a section is cut through, tlie entire leaf at tbe point wbere the fungus is situated, the attachment of the spores is seen and also the mycelium in the tissues of the leaf. Such, sections are not difficult to obtain. If a small portion of the leaf containing a IwMide, or cluster of spores, of the fungus is cut out and placed on a piece of wood, then a glass slip or other body with a straight-edge placed on the top of the piece of leaf to serve as a guide for th.e razor or lancet, and a section as thin as possible cut, a little experience will skow that two or three sections can be cut with- out moving tlie glass slip, and the pressure applied will not injure the specimen. The razor should be dipped in water before cutting the sections. Species growing on wood or bark are generally sufficiently firm to admit of sec- tions being cut without any pressure from above. Satisfactory sections should be permanently mounted for future reference, not omitting to indicate by a Classification, 63 number or ofcterwise the specimen from wliicli the section was taken. In like manner references to notes and microscopic preparations should be attached to herbarium specimens. Classification. The systematic arrangement of species according to their natural affinities is, or should be, the outcome of a knowledge of their morphology, and more especially of the earliest phases of development, or in other words, life-history. The classification of fungi is at the present time in a transition state, due to the fact that the most distinguished workers in the field have devoted the whole of their energies either to the de- velopment of a system of classification based entirely on characters presented by mature specimens, and at the same time accepting as a species every indepen- dent form. The names of Fries, Berkeley, Cooke, and Saccardo, are closely associated with this school. It has been shown that true affinity can only be de- termined by an examination of species in the earliest stages of development, and that superficial resem- blances presented by mature forms do not necessarily imply relationship in the sense of descent from a com- mon parent form, hence we find such combinations as the Myxogastres with the Gastromycetes. Neverthe- less, in spite of its grave defects, the old system has taught us to observe minute details of structure, and further, has also demonstrated that such minute dif- ferences are constant, and consequently must be admitted as being the outward and visible responsions of physiological laws, even if the manifestation is 64 British Fungi. only expressed by the manner in whieli the pilous of an agaric is arrano^ed in the vounor state, the colour of the hymenium of a Peziza, or the change in colour of latex when exposed to the air, and such characters, as far as they go, appear to be quite as constant, and thereiore as useful in the discrimination of separate forms as any of the characters used by the modern school of bioloofists. Of course the above characters do not indicate in the least degree the difference between true species as generally understood and form-species, and this indeed is the weak point in the system adopted by the followers of Fries. The labours of the modern school, initiated by Tulasne, De Bary, and Bre- feld.liave to a great extent remedied this defect of tlieir predecessors, and by pure cultures have clearly de- monstrated in numerous instauces that the " species " founded by Fries and his followers are but inde- pendent phases in the life-history of other forms. So far the biologists have done good, inasmuch as they have indicated the apparently only sure method of determining what is a species, and consequently cor- recting the mistakes of the earlier school, or rather in adding enormously to the stock of knowledge already possessed by the Friesian disciples, for surely the last mentioned body must have added something to our knowledge of the nature of fungi, although their earnest endeavours are too often treated with scorn by the present generation, and perhaps nowhere do we see such, gross abuses of brilliant discoveries as are perpetrated by some of the followers of De Bary. Take the example of lieterocism in the case of Puc- cinia graminu-, which was demonstrated by De Bary to the satisiacticn of everyone not saturated with preju- Classification, 65 dice, but this proof was the outcome of prolonged and laborious investigations, considered by De Bary as being absolutely necessary to prove his point. This discovery naturally suggested the idea that numerous other corresponding forms included in the same group might be in like manner connected, and in many instances careful experiments have proved this to be the case, but at the same time we find in modern works on the TJredinese forms associated tosrether on the merest shadow of proof, such as would certainly not have been accepted by De Bary as con- clusive. Similar examples of rushing to conclusions from analogy only are met with in every group ; in fact this slipshod method of relying on analogy, when once a precedent has been clearly established, seems to be the weak point with the disciples of the modern school. The divisions called Mvlanconiese, Sph^rop- sidese, and Hijphomycetes include over eight thousand species from all parts of the world. Out of this number less than one hundred have been clearly proved by cultures to be forms of species belonging mostly to the Ascomycetes, yet on the strength of this small percentage of proved cases, the three groups are entirely omitted in the schemes of classification given by De Bary and Brefeld, implying that all are con- sidered merely as form -species, a supposition which may be quite correct, but far from being proved, and not altogether countenanced by the investigations of these same authors, who claim to have shown that in some of the Ascomycetes the gonidial stage is com- pletely lost. De Bary and his followers do not as a rule accept the " special creation " theory^ but judg*- ing from their writings, consider that species are r 66 British Fiuigi. evolved by certain processes of differentiation from previously existing species. If so, assuming that the gonidial stage of an originally pleomorphic fungus alone remains, the ascigerous condition having been entirely arrested, should the gonidial form still be considered a phase of a higher form that has no exis- tence, or, being capable of carrying on an entirely independent existence, will it ever be entitled to rank as a species ? If not, then, from the evolution stand- point, all living organisms, from analogy, are merely forms of a primitive progenitor. From the above it will be seen that in a systematic work the Sphserop- sidepBy Melanconiese, and Hypliomijcetes must be admitted, and until their affinities are demonstrated by direct experiment, not analogy, it will be well to use the terms genera and species in the ordinary sense. The following schemes of classification will indicate the views of affinity as understood by the best authorities at .the present day. According to Sachs ^ the fungi are supposed to be side branches from algte, expressed as follows : — '' Professor Fischer still treats Algae and Fungi as two entirely distinct series developed in parallel rows ; while I suppose that in each class Fungi have diverged as ramifications from various types of Alg^. Thallophytes. Class I. Peotophyta. Containing cldoroplnjll. Not containing chloro^ phyll. Schizomycetes. Saccharomycetes. 2 Text-Book of Botany, second English ed., p. 244. Cyanophycea3. Palmellaces3 (in part). Classification. 67 Paiidorineas. (Hydrodictyeee.) Class II. ZYGOSPOREiE. Conjugating cells mobile. Myxomycetes. Conjugating cells stationary. Conjugateae (including Diatomacese). Zygomycetes. Class III. Oospores. Sphseroplea. ^ ^ , Vaucheria (Coeloblasta3). s W ■\T ^ ' I "eronosporeae. Volvocmeae. '^ ^ CEdogonieae. Fucoideae. Coleocbaste. Floridese. Cliaraceee. Class ly. Carpospoee^. A , r includini Ascomycetes •< t • i •^ ( Liclieiis. -^cidiomycetes (Uredinese). Basidiomycetes. g Class I. No sexual reproduction. Saccliaromyces. j Phycocliromaceae. Class II. Reproduction by conjugation. Zygomycetes. | Diatomaceae, Conjugatete. Class III. Hcproductlon by oospores. The result of fertilization. Peronosporege. Saprolegnieae. Palmellaceae, Siphonacese. Coniervaceae, Fucacea). Coleoclieteae,Cliarace8e (?) . F 2 68 British Funzi. ii Class IV. A compound fructijicaiionj resulting from fertilization {alternation of generations), Ascomycetes. t?i • i )> Dasidiomycetes. j Professor De Bary says,^ '^According to tlie leading points of view indicated, and ttie present state of our knowledge, a review of the course of development of the several groups of the Fungi arranges them in the following manner. I. Series of the Ascomycetes. 1. Peronosporese (with Ancylistese and Monohle- pharis). 2. Sajjrolegniese. 3. Miicorini or Zygomycetes. 4. Entomojjlitlwrese. 5. Ascomycetes. 6. Uredinese, 11. Geoups which Diveege eeom the Series of the Ascomycetes oe aee of Doubtful Position. 7. Chytridiese. 8. Protomyces and Ustilagineae. 9. Bouhtful Ascomycetes (Saccharomyces, &c.). 1 . Basidio my cetes . Groups 1 — i have been brought together under the name of Phycomycetes on account of their close ap- proximation to the Algae. Groups 7 and 8 in the second category will be con- sidered in connection with the Phycomycetes ; group 9 naturally in connection with 5, and 10 with 6.^' ' Fungi, 3Iycetozoa, and Bacteria, English ed., p. 132. Classification, 69 According to Brefeld fungi are divided into two groups, tlie Phy corny ceteSy or algal-like fungi, charac- terized by tlie presence of sexual as well as asexual modes of reproduction, and the Mycomycetes, charac- terized by the absence of sexually produced repro- ductive bodies, and consequently propagated entirely by asexual conidia (=gonidia of the present work). The Phyeomycetes are divided into two groups, dis- tinguished by the nature of the sexually produced reproductive bodies, namely Zygomycetes and Oomycetes. The Mycomycetes are also broken up into two primary groups, Ascomycetes, having the spores produced in asci, and the Basidiomycetes, where the gonidia are borne on basidia. The JJstilagmese, or smut-fungi, are considered to form a transition from the Phyeomycetes to the IfT/comz/ce^e.?, hence according to Brefeld the phyllogeny of the primary groups may be represented as follows : — 'Basidiomycetes. Ascomycetes: USTILAGINE^. MYCOMYCETES. ZlGOMYCETES. OoMYCETES. PHYCOMYCETES. The above arrangement shows that all the Mycomy- cetes are in touch with the Zygomycetes division of the Pliy corny ceteSy whereas the Oomycetes are to be considered as a terminal group, in other words, as not being directly concerned with the origin or related to any group of fungi higher in the series. The follow- ing scheme of arrangement, copied from Brefeld s BriiisJi Fungi, great work/ comj^letely upsets all previous arrange- ments, which familiarity rather than conviction has endeared us to ; nevertheless, every attempt, from that of Persoon up to the present day, has done something towards the present state of things, and it cannot be considered that finality has been attained in the pre- sent arrangement, yet remembering that the basis of the scheme rests on the only known sure foundation — life-history of forms — mostly worked out by the author himself, and in such numbers as to give a good opportunity of distinguishing between important and unimportant characters, is suflScient to commend the result to all unprejudiced minds (pp. 72, 73). In a systematic work the Hj/phomycetes, Melan- coniese, and Splimro'psidepe must find a place, conse- quently the following modification of Bref eld's classi- fication will be adopted in the present work. o o__ iTi r- V. en Sypliomycetes. .c , — BASIDIOilTCETES. 3Iela7iconiese and Sjpliseropsideae. AsCOMrCETES. TJSTILAGIXE^, \< MYCOMYCETES f Zygoaiycetes. Oomycetes.) PHYCO]\rYCETES / (Alg^.) ^ Op. cit., Heften YII.— YIII. Classification, 71 Phycomycetes. The amount of work yet to be done in the present group, even to place it on a level with any other group of fungi, can only be realized by studying the systematic work by Saccardo,^ where all the described forms are brought together. It is safe to say that the greater proportion of so-called genera and species are only temporary^ owing to the fact that our amount of knowledge is so scanty, embracing in but comparatively few instances a complete life-history, hence in almost every genus comprising half-a-dozen species or even less, it is usual to find some species founded on a knowledge of the gonidial phase alone while others are characterized by peculiarities pre- sented by the sexual organs, the gonidial condition being unknown. As a rule, throughout the group the gonidial is far more constant than the sexual mode of reproduction, and carefully conducted inves- tigations teud to show that in some instances either one or the other has been entirely suppressed, most frequently the latter, as in Flnjtoptliora infestans. It is also proved that in many other cases where both antheridia and oogonia are present, fertilization does not take place, that is, no protoplasm passes from the germ-tubes of the antheridia into the oospheres. In other instances the antheridia are not developed, consequently the oospores produced by the oogonia are asexual in origin; both these con- ditions are met with in the Saprolegniese. A typical zygospore originates as follows : the two lateral 5 SjU. Fung., vol. vii. Part I. NATURAL SYSTEM F sporangia only. Mucorini. Tliamnidese.C- PH,C( Lower a-al Class L ZYGOilYCETES. Sexual reproduction by zygospores. Asexual reproduction by ...- Sporangia and conidia. Conidia onl ChoanopJiorese. ,..--''"'Chxtocladie "^ „...•••■■■" Piptocephalice. Higlr ; UsTiLAGlNEiE (tratiti [Sporangia (resembling asci). JProtomyces (provisionally only one genus). Class L ASCOMYCETES. — Reproduction by sporangia and conidia. — Spores in asci. Exoasci. (Asci naked.) Exoascus. Tajjhrina. provisionally only two genera.) Carjpoasci. (Asci in compound ascocarps.) Tuheracese. Fyrenomycetes. Discomycetes. (All characteristic Ascomycetes and their subfamilies.) 7 :iE-FORMING FUNGI. :bs. al fungi. Class IT. OoilYCETES. Sexual reproduction by oospores. -Asexual reproduction by- ES. angi. Sporangia or conidia. Feronosjyoreie. Saprolegnim. Chytridiacese, Conidia only.| EntomopMliorese. Reproduction by- \ Conidia (resembling basidia). Ustilago, TiUetia, Sorosporium, &c. (including the remaiaing forms of tbe UstilagineiB). Class II. Basidiomycetes. Keproduction by conidia only./ Conidia borne on basidia. pons. ese. rise, ude. -Protohasidiomycetes. (Basidia divided.) Angiocarpous. JPilacrese, -Autohasidiomycefes. (Basidia not divided.) Angiocarpous. Gynocarpous. Lycoperdaceve. N'ld u laria cese . Phalloidex. Jlyinenogastrese. Hemiangiocarpous. TJielejyhoi^ese. Hydnese. Folyporeee. Agaricinese. Dacryomycefse. Clavariese. Tomentellese. British Funn. Miicor caninus, Pers. Obs. myc. i. p. 96j t. 6j f. 3j Cke. Hdbk. u. 1885, fig. 300. On dung of dogs and cats. Common. Mucor lateritius, Cke. and Mass. (figs. 70a-71). Mycelium aseptate, forming a continuous, dense, dry, brigbt-brown felt, spreading over the substratum ; sporangiopliores numerous, aseptate, erect, straight or flexuous, once furcate or rarely simple, bright-brown ; sporangia spherical, separated from the cavity of the sporangiophore by a septum, slightly convex upwards, wall brown, very thin, smooth, dehiscing by an irregular transverse slit, the upper portion falling away, the lower portion persistent and pendulous ; 40-45 yLt diameter; spores subglobose, pale brick- red, smooth, 12x9-10 fjb] sexual conditions are un- known. Mucor lateritius, Cooke and Massee, Grevillea, vol. xvii. p. 3 (1888). On putrid potatoes. Rare. Sporangiferous byphse or" sporopHores 120-150 x 7-8 /I. The present species is not a good Mncor, neither does it agree in all points with any described genus, but until something is known of the sexual stage it is not advisible to remove it from the genus under which it was originally described. Some features suggest an affinity with Sjjorodmia. Mucor stercoreus, Link. Sporangiferous hyphse erect, simple, yellowish; sporangium globose, yellowish then black with shades of yellow j columella oblong, constricted at the base ; Classification , 8 9 spores elliptical_, 15x6-7 //, sometimes subglobose, at leugtli brown. Miicor stercoreuSj Link. Sp. v. p. 20 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 616. Sydroijliora stercorea, Tode, F. M. p. 6. In human dung. Kare. MucoT siibtilissimuSj Berk. Mycelium creeping ; sporangiferous hypk^e erect, brau died, branches short, spreading, each terminated by a minute, sj^herical sporangium ; spores elhptic-oblong. Miicor suhtilissimus, Berk. Hort. Journ. iii. p. 98, fp. 1—5; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1893; Sacc. Syll. vii. 625. On mildewed onions, developed from Sderotium cepaworiim. Rare. Exceedingly minute. No speci- men exists in Berkeley's herbarium, consequently the size of the spores cannot be given. Miicor clavatus, Link. Byssoid, white, vegetative mycelium delicate, aseptate ; sporangiferous hyphge solitary, not fascicu- late, simple, thickened into an obconic form at the apex, at this point 12-18 fi across, brownish-olive; sporangia spherical, smooth, smoky, very thin, 100- 180 fi diam., columella cylindrical, apex rounded; spores spherical, or broadly elliptical, size variable, 8-21 fi diameter, smoky-brown, epispore minutely striate. Mucor clavatusj Cke. Hdbk. n. 1887; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 626. On rotting fruits. Not common. The hyphasma, or vegetative portion of the mycelium, forms a thin hyssoid or cotton-wool like stratum^ from which scattered sporophores, or sporan- 90 British Fitno^i. cb giferous hyjDhas, ascend. Known by tlie latter "being swollen at the apex and brown in colour. Minute. Mucor succosus, Berk. Hypliasma forming small pulvinateochraceous tufts; sporangiferous hyplia3 erect^ very delicate, colourless, equal; sporangia globose, yellow, then brownish- olive ; columella very small ; spores colourless, elliptical 5 x 3-3'5 /m. Mucor succosus, Berk. Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 443, tab. xii. f. 15 (no. 225) ; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1889; Saco. Syll. vii. 628. On cut stumps of Aucuha Japonica. Rare. Forming spongy ocliraceous tufts, \ — \ in. across; sporangia very numerous. Mucor amethysteus, Berk. Hyphasma dense, expanded, white ; sporangiferous hyphee simple ; sporangia depresso-globose, passing from white through yellow to violet-brown ; spores irregularly globose, dingy violet, 7-11 /-t. Mucor amethysteus J Berk. Eug. Fl. vol. v. p. 332 ; Cke. Hdbk, n. 631 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 637. On decaying fruit. Rare. Sporangia small, stem about \ in. high. Distin- guished by the violet spores. Mucor clelicatulus, Berk. Hyphasma forming a very delicate stratum ; sporan- giferous hyph^ short ; sporangia globose, minute, yellow ; spores globose, colourless, 4 ft diam. Mucor delicatulus, Berk. EDg. Fl. vol. v. p. 332 ; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1891; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 657. On rotting gourds. Rare. Classification . 9 1 Forming very delicate velvety patclies barely visible to the naked eye. Mucor tenerrmius, Berk. Scattered, minute, wholly colourless and pellucid ; stem flexuous upwards, apex clavate ; sporangium globose, colourless ; spores elliptic-oblong, colourless, 6x7 fjb. Mucor tenerrimus, Berk. Outl. p. 7 ; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1892 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 638. Hydrophobia tenerrimaj Berk.. ; Hook. Journ. 1841, vol. iii. p. 78. t. 1, f. B. On sticks in woods. Rare. '' Scarcely visible to the naked eye, and when examined with a good pocket lens exhibiting nothing more than a short, very slender, white thread, with a watery, colourless globule seated on its apex. Under a hio^h mao^nifier the stem is found to be a little flexuous above, and to end in a clavate swelling, beyond which is the globose columella, from the base of which is deflected all round over the apex of the stem a delicate frill, which at first formed a portion of the pendulum, and by its rupture leaves a large circular aperture at its base. I am not able to state positively whether there is any organic connection between the tip of the stem and the columella after the rupture has taken place, or, whether they are kept in apposition by means of the frill, though I suspect that such an union does exist. Peridinm quite smooth, consisting of two membranes, between which there is often a considerable space, though they are sometimes in close contact. At the place where it separates from the portion which remains attached to the 92 British Fiin^i, columella, there is often a ring of considerable size. Tlie cavity between the second membrane and the columella is filled with elliptic sporidia, some of which occasionally adhere to the stem. (Berk. Lc). The above account shows clearly that the present species is not a Mucor as at present defined, but rather belongs to the Piloholese, and further, appears to be distinct from every known genas, but it is advisable to allow the question to remain open until the fungus is met with again. No structural details can be made out from Berkeley's specimen. Mucor iiruinosus, B. and Br. Minute, snow-white; sporangia reticulated, globose ; spores irregular, 17-30 /Lt. Mucor iwuinosuSj B. and Br., Ann. Nat. Hist. n. 1495. Forming an exceedingly thin, snow-white bloom on soil. Rare. I can find no trace of the Mucor on the soil on which it originally occurred, consequently no type specimen exists, and it is doubtful whether, from the above brief description, the species will ever be again recognized. B. Bporanrjia colourless at maturity. Mucor liyalinus, Cooke. Hyphasma creeping, profuse; sporaugiferous hyph^ erect, simple, or sometimes branched ; sporangia globose, minute, colourless ; spores elliptical, colourless, 4x 2" 5-3 jm. Mucor liyalinus J Cke. Hdbk. n. 1890 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 682. Classification. g -1 On leaves of box (Buxus). Not uncommon. Forming an exceedingly tliin white film on the under surface of tlie leaves. Cooke first detected the present species mixed with Pemcillium roseum, which he considers to be the gonidial form of the Mucor, but there is no evidence of such connection, unless the fact of the two species being found on the same substratum is considered as such, which cannot possibly be accepted. Phycomyces, Kunze. Sporangiferous hyphas at first erect, simple, aseptate, shining, often very long; sporangia spherical or piriform, very delicate, brown, ruptured at maturity, and the basal portion remaining like a frill round the columella. Branches of zygospore arcuate and furnished with rigid forked spines. Fill) corny ceSy Kunze, Mykol. ii. p. 113 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 204. Mucor, Berk. OutL p. 307 ; Cke. Hdbk. p. 630. Remarkable for the dry glistening nature of the hypha3. Distinguished ivomMucor by the base of the sporangium remaining as an irregular ring or frill round the columella, and by the arcuate, or arched^ spiny branches of the zygospore. Phycomyces nitenSj Kunze. Hyphasma dense, effused, dry, olive-brown, shining ; sporangiferous hyph^e often springing in clusters of 3- — 4 from a mycelial hypha, when 1 — 2 are usually sterile, brown, shining, decumbent, aseptate ; spor- angia globose, opaque, black ; columella spherical then 94 British Fungi, becoming cylindrical; spores elliptic-oblong, pale- olive^ 2U-oO X 10-14 fjb. Zygospore globose^ brown, ^ mm. diam. ; branches of zygospore arcuate, with dichotomously divided spines. Phy corny ces nitens, Kunze, Mykol. Hefte. ii. p. 113 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 696. Mucor phycomyceSy Berk. Outl, p. 407 ; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1882. On fat and grease of various kinds ; also on dung. Local. Often forming extensive olive-brown dry patches, with a remarkable glistening appearance ; sporangi- ferous hyphae same colour and shiny appearance, from 3 — 8 in. long, weak, and soon decumbent or drooping. Spinellus, Tan Tiegh. Mycelium white, then olive-brown, branched, some of the branches furnished with spiny outgrowths ; sporaugiferous hyphae erect, simple, becoming olive- brown. Sexual branches equal, approaching each other at the base, then diverging, and again approach- ing at the tips. Spinellus y Van Tiegh. Ann. Sci. Xat. 1875, p. QQ', Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 205. Mucor, Cke. Hdbk. p. 630. Distinguished by the branches being furnished with numerous spreading spine-like branchlets. Spinellus fusirjer, Van Tiegh. (figs. 74-77). Mycelium branched, branches spiny, asejDtate ; sporaugiferous hyphae erect, cylindrical, base swollen, colourless, then brown; sporangia globose, hyaline. Classification, 95 then blackisli, columella cylindrical, thick, blackish- blue ; spores elliptic-fusiform, or elliptic-oblong, very pale olive, 35-40 X 10-12 yu,. Zygospore barrel-shaped, 200-400 yLt diam., blackish-brown. S p melius fusiger, Van Tiegh. Ann. Sci. Nat. 1875, p. Q^, t. 1, figs. 29—37 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 699. Mucor fusiger, Cke. Hdbk. n. 1886. On decaying agarics. Not common. Forming a dry, shining, olive-brown felt, somewhat resembling Phycomyces nitens, but distinguished by the spinose mycelium. Sporodinia, Link. Sporangiferous hyphte septate, repeatedly dichoto- mously branched above ; sporangia terminal on the ultimate branchlets. Zygospore-forming branches, smooth, straight. Sporodiniay'Lmk, Sp.pl. vi. 1, p. 94; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 206. Sporodinia, Cke. Hdbk. p. 635 (gonidial stage). Syzygites, Cke- Hdbk. p. 636 (sexual condition). Distinguished amongst its allies by the regularly bifurcating branches of the sporangiferous hyph^e, and by the straight, smooth branches of the zygospore. Sporodinia aspergillus, Schrot. (figs. 6-11). Tufts, at first white, then ochraceous ; sporangi- ferous hyph^e erect, numerous, branched above 4 — 6 times in a dichotomous manner, branchlets spreading, each terminating in an obovate, pellucid sporangium ; columella hemispherical ; spores very unequal in size, subglobose, colourless, then often tinged olive, 15_ 30 iJb. Mycelium of sexual stage olive brown, 96 B Irtish Funori, branclied; zygospore-foriniag brauclies stralo-hfc, smooth, clavate ; zygospore subsplierical, blackish, brown, warted, 300-350 yi. diameter. SjJorodinia aspergillus, Schrot. Kr. Fl. Schl. p. 209 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 702. Sporodinia diclwioma, Cke. Hdbk. n. 1898, fig. 704 (gonidial form). Syzygites megaloacarpus^ Cke. Hdbk. n. 1900, fio*. 306 (sexual form). Mueor ramosus, Cke. Hdbk. n. 1883. On decaying fangi. Not common. The gonidial state is recognized by the repeatedly forked or dichotomously divided tips of the sporano-io- phores, and the ob ovate sporangia. The sexual con- dition resembles superficially Phycomyces nitens and Spinellus fusiger, but distinguished by the smooth, straight, zygosporic branches. Helicostylum, Corda. Sporangiferous hyphse erect or decumbent, branched ; sporangium terminating main stem, large, spherical, columella present ; branches spirally re- curved, terminated by small globose or piriform sporangiola, columella minute or absent. Spores similar in the two forms of sporangia. Helicostylum, Corda, Ic. Fung. pt. v. pp. 17 and 55 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 209; Cke. Hdbk. p. 936, fig. 408. Distinguished by the curved branches. Helicostylum elegans, Corda (figs. 15a-17). Sporangiferous hyphse erect, elongated^ branched; sporangium terminating main stem, globose, large ; Class ification . 9 7 columella stout, elongated, spores numerous ; branches scattered, spirally recurved, usually terminated by small globose sporangia (sporangiola) ; columella minute ; spores few, resembling in size and form those of the large terminal sporangium, colourless, elliptical, 7-9 X 5-6 p. Helicostyhim elecfans, Corda, Ic. Fung. pt. v. pp. 17 and 55, tab. ii. fig. 28; Cke. Hdbk. p. 936, hg. 408 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 708. On various decaying organic substances. Rare. Forming minute whitish tufts, sporangiferous hyphae \ — 1 in. high. Distinguished by the spirally coiled branches ; but these are sometimes absent, when, the simple stem with its terminal sporangium closely resembles Mucor mucedo. Tlelicostylum nigricans, Yan Teigh. (figs. 18—21). Sporangiferous hyphee erect, branched, white, then dusky, sporangium terminating the main stem, large, globose ; columella ovoid ; branches verticillate, short, slender, tips recurved, sporangiola spherical, columella minute ; spores alike in the two forms of sporangia, colourless, elliptical, 8-9 x 5-6. Helicostylum nigricans, Van Tiegh. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. vi. vol. iv. p. 374, pi. 13, figs. 79—83; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 711. On decaying organic matter. Rare. Forming minute tufts, at first white, then blackish, sporangiferous hyphie up to 5 in. high. Distinguished by the verticillate branches ; when the latter are ab- sent, as is sometimes the case, the fungus is difficult to separate from species of Mucor. The main hypha is H 98 British Fungi. swollen at tlie points from wliich the verticillate branches spring. Thamnidium, Link. Sporangiferous hyph^ scattered, erect, branched, rarely simple; sporaDgium terminating the main stem, large, globose, containing maoy spores; branches verticillate, twice or several times dichotomously divided, branchlets spreading, straight, terminated by small globose sporangiola, containing few, rarely only one spore. T/ia??2?n'cZm7?i, Link, Spec. PI. i. p. 97; Sacc. Syll. vii. 23. 211. Ascophora, Cke. Hdbk. p. 629. ^linute, closely related to the genus Helicostylum, but distinguished by the repeated dichotomous branches, which are straight, and not spirally coiled or curved as in the last named genus. Thamnidium elegans, Link. Sporangiferous hyph^e erect, branched ; sporan- gium of primary hypha globose, brown, columella large, spores numerous ; branches verticillate or soli- tary, repeatedly dichotomous, terminating in small, spherical sporangiola containiug not more than ten spores, frequently fewer; spores of both forms of sporangia similar, elliptical, hyaline, rarely with a bluish tinge, 8-10x6-8 jjl. Thamnidiura elegans. Link, Obs. p. 45, t. ii. f. 45; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 714. Ascoijliora elegans^ Cke. Hdbk. n. 1881. On putrid organic substances, dung, &c. Local. Forming minute, white, fugacious tufts ; variable. Classification. 99 sometimes the lateral braucTies are entirely absent, when the fungus has been described as a Miicor. In other examples, the lateral branches are well de- veloped and bear sporaugiola, but when the large terminal sporangium is absent, this form has been described as a new genus, Melidium. Thamnidmm verticillatum, Van Teigh. (figs. 33 — 35). Minute ; sporangiferous hyphas erect, branched ; sporangium at apex of primary hypha globose, in- crusted with lime ; columella cylindrical ; branches verticillate, rather long, twice dichotomous near the end, branchlets spreading, ending in minute, globose, smooth sporaagiola, with a minute, plano-convex colu- mella ; spores similar in the two forms of sporangia, spherical, hyaline, 5-6 fi. Thamnidiiim verticillatum^ Van Tiegh. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. vi. vol. iv. p. 376, pi. 13, figs. 84 — 89; Sacc. Syll. vol. vii. n. 715. On horse dung. Rare. Forming minute tufts, 4 — J in. high. The develop- ment varies as in Tliamnidium elegans ; sometimes the terminal large sporangium is suppressed, at other times the branches are absent, and when present the whorls vary from one to three. All these forms may often be found in the same tuft. Rhizopus, Ehr. Hyphasma stolonif erous, straight or flexuous, giving off fasciculate, slender branched hyphse from the under side, at those points corresponding to the origin of the fasciculate sporangiophores on the upper side, white, becoming blackish ; sporangiferous hyphae H 2 lOO British FunH. i> straight or circinate at the apex, aseptate ; sporangia globose, with a membranaceous apophysis at the base; spores numerous, generally coloured. Rhizopus, Ehr. Nova Acta, x. p. 195; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 212. Distinguished by the stolon-like, creeping mycelium giving off fasciculate hyphae from the under side, and fasciculate sporangiferous hyphse from corresponding points of the mycelium. Rhizopus nigricans f Ehr. (figs. 24, 25). Sporangiferous hyph^ erect, usually in fascicles of 3 — 10, aseptate, springing from long, creeping, stolon - like hyphee, that give off numerous rhizoids ; sporangia globose, blackish-olive, granular, columella hemi- spherical ; spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, grey, 11 x 14 or 11-13 /x. Rhizopus nigricans, Ehr. Nova Acta, x. p. 198, t. 11 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 719. On various decaying substances, as leaves, fruit, branches, &c. Local. Forming thin spreading tufts, at first whitish, then blackish-olive, sporangiferous hyphae ^ — 4- in. high. Circinella, Van Tiegh. and Le Mon. Sporangiferous hyphee erect, branched ; sporangia globose, many spored, furnished with a columella and supported on recurved branches ; sporangia dehiscing in a circumscissile manner at the centre, basal half persisting ; spores globose. Circinella, Van Tiegh. and Le Mon. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. v. vol. xvii. p. 298 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 215. C lassification . i o i Agreeing witli Helicosfylumm having the branches bearing the sporangia curved at the tip, but differs in having only one kind of sporangium, and in the basal half of its wall remaining as a permanent frill round the columella. Gircinella simplex, Yan Tiegh. (figs. 13, 14). Sporangiferous hyph^e erect, becoming brown, with several short, spirally arranged branches, recurved at the tips, each one supporting a globose, bluish sporan- gium ; columella conico-cylindrical, spores globose, colourless, 3-4 fj,. Gircinella simplex, Van Tiegh. Ann. Sci. Nat. Hist. ser. vi. vol. i. p. 92, pi. 2, figs. 52 — 54; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 731. On dog's dung. Rare. Forming minute tufts about J in. high, at first whitish, soon becoming brown. SUBFAM. 3. Ch^TOCLADIE^. Vegetative hyphae not anastomosing; sporangia monosporous ; columella present. Chcetocladium. The only known genus. Chaetocladium, Fres. Sporangiferous hyphae erect, 3 — 5 times branched above, all the branches and branchlets acute and sterile at the tips ; sporangia globose, warted, con- taining a single spore, springing in small clusters from the central portion of ternary lateral branchlets; spores smooth. Chcetocladium y Fres. Bietr. zur Mykol. p. 97; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 220. BotrytiSf Cke. Hdbk. p. 591. 102 British Funcri, i> Distinguished by the mucli branched sporangio- pliores having all the branchlets sterile and spine-like at the tips, and by the warted sporangia containing only one spore. CJioeiocladmm Jonesii, Fres. (figs. 62, 63). Spoi^ngiferous hyphas erect, branched, main branches at right angles, verticillate, or often opposite, these are again divided once or twice in the same plane, all the branchlets with spine-like tip?, the central branchlet of the ultimate ramification always barren, the lateral ones producing small clusters of sporangia from a swollen portion situated at some distance below the pointed tip ; sporangia globose, one-spored, minutely warted, 60-120 fju in diameter; spores globose, smooth, bluish, 6-9 fi. CJic^tocladmm Jonesii, Fres. Beitr. p. 97; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 747. Botrytis Jonesii, Cke. Hdbk. n. 1772. On dung of various animals. Local. Forming minute tufts, often mixed witb Mucor mucedo, on which it is supposed to be to some extent parasitic. All the branches are swollen at the point of origin, and spine-like at the tips. Clicetocladmm Brefeldii, Van Tiegb. (fig. 130). Sporangiferous hyph^ erect, branched, 3 — 4 times verticillately-branclied, sporangia spherical, bluish, 30-50 fi diameter ; spores globose, 2-4 /x diameter ; zygospores globose, pale brown, 40-50 /j,. Chcetocladium Brefeldii, Van Tiegh. and Le Mon. ; Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. v. vol. xvii. p. 342, t. 23, figs. 71 —79; Sacc. Syll. vii. 748. Classification. 1 03 * On dung. Rare. Mixed with 3Iucor muceclo. Closely resembling* Chwtocladium Jonesii in general appearance, but distinguished by the smaller sporangia and spores. SUBFAM. 4. MORTIERELLE^. Vegetative hyphse slender, anastomosing ; sporangia globose, polysporous ; columella absent. Mortierella. The only British genus. Mortierella, Coemans. Mycelium slender, dichotomously branched and anastomosing; sporangiferous hyphje erect, often originating in small clusters, thick at the base and tapering upwards, simple or branched, branches terminated in a single spherical sporangium without a columella. Zygospores and chlamydogonidia present in some species. Mortierella, Coemans, Bull. Ac. Belg. ser. ii. part i. p. 536, t. 15.; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 220. The leading features of the present genus are the anastomosing mycelium, and the absence of the colu- mella in the many-spored sporangium. The branches are frequently arranged in a verticillate or corymbose manner, and taper upwards. Mortierella poly cephala, Coemans (figs. 29, 30). Mycelium aseptate, dichotomously branched, branches elongated, very slender ; sporangiferous hyphge erect, fasciculate, fusiform, 260 /jl high, branched in a racemose manner ; sporang'ia globose, hyaline, wall difiluent, containing 4- — 20 ovate or globose hyaline gonidia, 9-14 /n diameter. Chlamy- I04 Bi'itish Fungi. dospores supported singly or arranged in a verticillate manner on long, slender hyph^e springing from the mycelium, globose, ecliinulate, 20 ix. ILortiereUa polycephala, Coemans, Bull. Ac. Belg. ser. ii. part i. p. 536, t. 15; Sacc, Syll. vii. 755 ; Yan Tiegh. Ann. Sci. Xat. ser. v. vol. xvii. p. 348, t. 24, figs. 80—89. On decaying fungi and on dung. Rare. Yan Tieghem has shown by cultures that the present species is very variable in the mode of branch- ing, sometimes producing the apical sporangium only. The mode of branching cannot be relied upon as a specific character. JlortiereUa candelahrum, Yan Tiegh. and Le Mon. Mycelium white, thin, dichotomously branched ; sporangiferous hyphse erect, base incrassated, be- coming very slender upwards, branches usually arranged in a corymbose manner, incrassated at the base, sporangia globose, gonidia globose, hyaline,' variable in size, 4-10 /jl diameter; chlamydogonidia interstitial or terminal, on short lateral branches of the mycelium, spherical, elliptical, or irregular, up to 40 (JL diameter. Mortierella candelahrum, Yan Tiegh. and Le Mon. Ann. Sci. Xat. ser. v. vol. xvii. p. 348, pi. 24, figs. 99_102; Sacc. Syll. vii. 761. On decaying organic substances. This species has not been met with in Britain, but is introduced on account of the following, which is considered as a variety of the present species, having been met with by Mr. Grove near Birmingham. Yar. minor, Grove. Sporangiferous hypha branched Classification . 105 from near tlie base, witli lono* ascendinor subulate branches, after tlie fashion of a candelabrum. Gonidia spherical, smooth, hyaline, 10-12 /j, diameter. Mortierella candelahi'um, Yan Tiegh. and Le Mon., var. mwor. Grove, Joarn. Bot. vol. xiv. n. ser. p. 131, tab. 256, fig. 1. On rotten wood. Height, 4--^ mm. Yan Tieghem describes his species as 1 mm. high. The present variety is considered by its author as such on account of its smaller size and much larger spores. SUBFAM. 5. SyNCEPHALIDE.E. Yegetative hyphse anastomosing; sporangia fasci- culate, cylindrical, simple or branched ; spores seriate ; columella absent. Syncephalis. The only British genus. Syncephalis. Yan Tiegh. Mycelium soft, anastomosing; sporangiferous hyph^e erect, straight or curved, much thicker than the mycelium, simple, terminating in a subglobose vesicular swelling from which the sporangia radiate ; sporangia cylindrical, simple or branched, gonidia in a single row; chlamydogonidia globose, on lateral mycelial branches. Zj^gospores globose, small. Syncephalis, Yan Tiegh. and Le Mon., Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. vi. vol. i. p. 372; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 227. A very remarkable genus j the aseptate sporangi- ferous hyphse terminate in a swollen head, from which the numerous narrowly cylindrical sporangia radiate. io6 Bi'itish Fitjio-i, c> The general appearance is that of PeniciUium, but in the latter the radiating chains of gonidia are naked or not enclosed in sporangia. The genus Pipfo- cephalis, which has not yet been met with in Britain, resembles the present in the form and arrangement of the sporangia, but it is distinguished by the repeatedly forked sporangiophores. Syncephalis fasciculata, Van Tiegh. (figs. 22, 23). Sporangiferous hyphse erect, fasciculate, colourless, inflated at the base, and becoming attenuated upwards, terminating in a spherico- depressed, warted vesicle ; sporangia containing only few gonidia, cylindrical, simple or forked, springing from the warts on the apical vesicle ; gonidia cylindrical, truncate at the ends, colourless, 6-7 x 3-3*5 fx. Syncepkalis fascicidafa, Yan Tiegh. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. vi. vol. i. p. 130, t. 3, figs. 120—122; Sacc Syll. vii. n. 787. Forming minute mould-like patches on damp substances or in water. Kare. Sporangiferous hyphse 300-400 /x high, 16-20 ^ thick at the basal swollen portion, and tapering up to 4-6 fi at the apex. Fam. 2. Peeoxospgeaceje. Hyphse usually branching ; asexual reproduction by zoosporangia, containing zoogonidia that germinate at once, or by gonidia .that germinate by developing a germ-tube ; sexual rejoroduction by oogonia and antheridia. Classification . 107 Analysis of the Genera. A. Gonidia catenulate, formed within the tissues of the host. Cystopus. Gonidia and oospores producing zoo- spores. B. Gonidia solitary^ borne on gonidiophores that emerge from the matrix into the air. Fliytoplitliora. Gonidia producing zoogonidia, at first produced terminally on the gonidiophores, then apparently laterally also. Plasmopara. Gonidiophores sparingly branched. Oospore with a thin, smooth wall. § Gonidiophores repeatedly dichotomously branched, terminal branchlets subulate, curved. Bremia. Haustoria of mycelium branched ; gonidia papillate at the apex, germ-tube emerging from the papilla. Peronospora. Haustoria of mycelium not bi^anched ; gonidia not papillate, germ-tube issuing laterally, Cystopus, Lev. Gonidiophorous hyphse short, simple, smooth, cylindrical or clavate, very obtuse, springing in fascicles from the mycelium, bearing a single row of concatenate gonidia at the ajoex ; gonidia either all alike, colourless, giving origin to zoospores, or the terminal gonidium is furnished with a thicker, yellowish membrane, and germinates by the emission of a tube, or is sterile. The sori remain covered with the epidermis until the gonidia are mature, and then burst through. Oospores globose, epispore usually reticulated or warted. io8 British Fun^i. CysfopnSy Lev. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iii. vol. viii. p. 371 (1847); Cke. Hdbk p. 324; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 233. The minute white or yellowish sori at first covered by the epidermis, and then, bursting through, with the crowded gonidiophd es, bearing each a terminal cbain of gonidia, characterize the present genus. Cystopus candidus. Lev. (figs. 99, 100, 127, 128). Sori white, erumpent, form variable, often broadly expanded and confluent, gonidia all similar, white, globose, 10-16 /JL diameter ; oospores subglobose, 35-45 /JL, epispore yellowish brown, or sometimes dark brown, with coarse warts which sometimes pass into irregular, wavy ridges. Cystopus candidus, Lev. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iii. vol. viii. p. 371 ; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1564, fig. 214; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 792 ; Cke. Micr. Fung. pi. x. figs. 198 —209 and 205—207. On various cruciferous plants, especially shepherd's purse, Capsella hursa-pastoris ; appearing on the stem, leaves, pedicels, fruit, &c., forming rather bullate or inflated white patches of variable extent, which produce distortion of the parts attacked. All the gonidia produce zoogonidia. Very common. Cystopjus tragopogoniSi Schroet. Sori irregularly globose or oblong, compressed, often concentrically arranged, white ; terminal gonidium larger than the rest, depresso-globose, usually umbilicate below, wall thick, yellowish or colourless, sterile ; remainder of gonidia shortly cylindrical, wall colourless, furnished with a trans- Classificatio n, 109 verse, ttickened, 1*111^* 19-23 jm diameter, procluciDg zoogonidia on germination ; oospore spherical, epi- spore brown, with, large, hollow, irregular warts, which are themselves minutely warted, 45-60 iju. Cystopus tragopogonis, Schroet. Kr. Fl. Schles. Pilze, p. 234 ; Sacc. SylL vii. n. 793. Cystopus cuhicus, De Bary, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. vol. XX. p. 132, tab. 2; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1563; Cke. Micr. Fung. pi. x. ff. 201, 202, and 210. Uredo Candida, yS tragopogi, Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 223. On both surfaces of leaves of various composite plants, especially goat's-beard, Tragopogon pratensis ; also on some plants belonging to the order Convol- vulacece, as Convolvulus and Ipomcea. Not un- common. Bearing a superficial resemblance to Cystopus candiduSy but readily distinguished by the cuboid gonidia. Var. spinulosus. With the general characters of C tragopogonis, but eventually the gonidia become elongated, warts of oospore very prominent, often becoming spinulose. Cystopus spinulosus, De Bary, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. vol. 20, p. 133; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1566; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 794. On leaves of various thistles. Local. Cystopus lepigoni, De Bary. Sori yellowish, usually in minute, scattered pustules ; terminal gonidium of chain longer than the rest, thick- walled, globose, sterile, the remainder producing no Bi'itisJi Fiuin. <^ zoogouidia on germination, globose or globoso-cylia- drical, wall tliin, colourless, 18-21 /jl ; oospore globose, epispore brown, with numerous minute warts whicb sometimes become spinulose, 45-55 fx dia- meter. Gystopus lepigoni, De Bary, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. vol. XX. p. 132; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1565; Cke. Micr. Fung. p. 214; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 796. On leaves of various caryophyllaceous plants, as Spergularia rubra, Arenaricv meclia, &c. Local. Dis- tinguished from other species having a large apical gonidium by the very small, numerous warts on the epispore of the oospore. Phytophtliora, De Bary. Mycelium ramifying in the tissues of the host, haustoria scattered or absent; gonidiophores generally sparingly branched, gonidia at first terminal on the branchlets, then apparently lateral also, ellip- tical, apex papillate, producing zoogonidia on germina- tion. Oospore globose, epispore smooth, rather thin, brown. PhytopJithora, De Bary, Journ. Bot. 1876, pp. 105 —126, 149—154; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 237. Peronospora of various authors. The gonidia at first appear on the tips of the branches, but after the formation of a gonidium, the branch producing it continues to elougate in the direction of the original branch, and the first gonidium, that was a terminal product, is pushed on one side, and appears as a lateral development; this process is repeated two or three times by each branch. Classification, 1 1 1 Fliytoplitliora infestans, De Bary (figs. 121 — 126). .Mycelium slender, liaustoria very rare ; gonidio- phores slender, attenuated upwards, furnished above with a few slender, tapering, simple or rarely divided branches; branches with scattered, swollenportions cor- responding to the points of origin of gonidia ; gonidia elliptical, colourless, with a prominent papilla at the apex, 25-30x15-20 /u, ; sexual condition unknown. PhytojjJithora infestans, De Bary, Journ. Agric. Soc. ser. ii. vol. xii. 1876; Sacc. Syll. vii. 802. Feronosporcb infestans, De Bary, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. vol. XX. p. 101; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1774; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. 14, f. 264. On leaves of the potato, Solanum tuberosum. Very common. Causing the well-known potato disease. The gonidiophores emerge from every above-ground part, but more especially from the under surface of the leaves, forming a white downy film. The mycelium is perennial in the tubers. Occurs also on other species of Solanum. Plasmopara, Schroet. Mycelium thick, furnished with simple globose or ovate haustoria; gonidiophores erect, sparingly branched; gonidia generally papillate; oospores globose, epispore thin, smooth, brownish. Flasmopara, Schroet. Krypt. Fl. Schles. Pilze, p. 236; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 239. Peronospora of various authors. The species form white films on living leaves and other parts of plants, included under the popular 1 1 2 British Fu^m. ^> term mildew. Distinguislied from Phytophthora by the absence of vesiculose swellings on the branches of the gonidiophore. Plasmopara entospora, Schroet. Gonidiophores in small tufts on the under-surface of the leaf, whitish, becoming brown, cylindrical, aseptate, 140-160x10-14 /x, base slightly inflated, and furnished with a few slender mycelial branches, apex slightly inflated and giving origin to a few (8 — 12) slender sterigmata, slightly incrassated at the tip=?, 10-12x1-2 fji, gouidia elliptical, papillate, very pale yellow, 20-25 x 12-14 /a ; microgonidia elliptical, hyaline, 5-6x 3'5-4 //,; oogonia globose, containing a single oospore with a thick membrane. Plasmopara entospora, Schroet. Krypt. Fl. Schles. Pilze, p. 237 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 805. On under surface of leaves of Erigeron Canadensis , and on Aster. Rare. Plasmopara pygmcea J Schroet. Mycelium thick, variously constricted, haustoria minute, more or less piriform ; gonidiophores slender, often in fascicles of 2 — 6, simple, or branched above, branches simple or once or twice dichotomous, tips sur- mounted by 2 — 4 short, cylindrico-conical branchlets, which are truncate after the gonidia fall away ; gouidia elliptical, size variable, 18-25 x 15-20 fx, apex broadly and obtusely papillate ; oogonium globose, 45-55 /Lt, epispore thin, yellowish-brown, smooth or minutely rugulose, endospore thick. Plasmopara pygmcea, Schroet. Krypt. Fl. Schles. p. 239 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 807. Classification. 113 o Peronospora injgmcBaj Cke. Hclbk. n. 1776; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. 15, f. 2G7. On leaves of various ranunculaceous plants, as Anemone nemorosa, and on otlier species of Anemone, Aconitum, Hepatica, Isopyrum, &c. Local. Forming very minute wliitisli tufts^ that become greyish-brown. The gonidiophores are often un- branched, and towards the apex furnished with 2 — 5 spicules bearing the gonidia. Plasmopava nivea, Schroet. — (figs. 66-70). Mycelium stout, often torulose or variously con- torted, haustoria numerous, piriform ; gonidiophores fasciculate, rather short, 250-300x8-10 fi, tapering upwards, simple, or once or twice bi-, trifurcate, with 1-4 usually very short spreading branches, rarely elongated, these in turn are once or twice bi-, trifurcate at the apex, ultimate branchlets conico-subulate, spreading, straight, rarely slightly flexuous and bear- ing the broadly elliptical gonidia, which have a very thin, hyaline membrane, apical papilla very indistinct, protoplasm granular, 21-25x15-18 /a; oogoniair- regularly spherical, hyaline or pale yellow ; oospore globose, large, yellowish-brown, smooth or minutely rugulose. Tlasmopara nivea, Schroet. Krypt. Fl. Schles. p. 237 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 808. Peronospora nivea, De Bary, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser, iv. vol. XX. p. 105; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1775; Unger, Bot. Ztg. 1847, p. 314 (in part). On living leaves of various umbelliferous plants, as Mgopodiumpoclagraria, A nthriscus sylvestris, Angelica sylveatris, PimpineUa magna, P. saxifraga, Sium I 1 1 4 British Fungi. latifoUum, Pastlnaca sativa, Petroselinum sativum, Feuceclanum pahistre, Daucus carota, Gonium macu- latum, Meum athamanticum ; also on species belonging to the following genera, Heliosciadium, Laseiyitium, and Selinum. Not uncommon. Sometimes sufficiently abundant to form a delicate white bloom on the leaves. The roots of plants in- fested with the Peronospora are often diseased, owing to the presence of permanent mycelium, as in the case of PhytojjJithora infestans. Plasmopara densa, Schroet. Forming small, scattered, or confluent tufts, white, then yellowish ; mycelium with vesicular haustoria ; gonidiophores 160-180 /u, high, towards the apex divided into 2 — 3 main branches, each with 1 — 3 horizontal branches springing from the apical portion, and these again bearing 1 — 3 branchlets ; gonidia broadly elliptical or subglobose, 12-16 or 12-15 x 10-12 /Lt, minutely and obtusely apiculate at the apex ; oospores globose, epispore thin, pale yellow. Plasmopara densa, Schroet. Kr. Fl. Schles. Pilze, p. 239; Sacc. Syll. vii. 1, n. 814. Parasitic on the living leaves of Euphrasia officinalis and Bartsia odontites. Rare. Bremia, Kegel. Mycelium furnished with vesicular or clavate simple haustoria ; gonidiophores several times dichoto- mously divided, branchlets umbellate, tips inflated in a turbinate or subglobose manner, the swellings give origin to a few (2 — 8) conical, short sterigmata, Classification, 115 carrying tlie subspherical gonidia. Oospores minute, globose, epispore rugulose, yellow-brown. Bremia, Kegel, in Bot. Ztg. 1848, p. 665 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 243. Peronospora of various authors. Characterized by the much branched gonidiophores, subglobose, paj^illate gonidia, and small oospores. Bremia lactucse, Kegel (figs. 64 — 65). Mycelium stout, often variously twisted, haustoria subclavate, simple ; gonidiophores 2 — 6 times dichoto- mously, or sometimes trichotomously, branched, stem and primary branches inflated above, the ultimate branchlets inflated at the tips into subclavate or sub- globose vesicles, bearing 2 — 8 minute, conical spicules, each carrying a subglobose gonidium, with a broad, depressed, apical papilla, 16-23 yu. diameter ; oospores globose, yellow-brown, pellucid, rugulose, 25-35 fi. Bremia lachicce, Eegel^ Bot. Ztg. 1843, p. 665, t. 3, f. B. ; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 243. Peronospora gangliformis, Cke. Hdbk. n. 1777; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. 14, f. 265. On living leaves of various composite plants, as illustrated by the following genera, — Lactuca, Senecioj Helichrysum, Cirsium, Centaurea, Lapsana, Leontodon, Tragopogon, Hypo cheer is, Mulgedium, Sonchus, Crepis, and Hieracium. It is also common on garden lettuce Lachica scariola^ var. sativa. Peronospora, Corda. Mycelium generally furnished with filiform branched haustoria ; gonidiophores solitary or fasci- I 2 1 1 6 British Ftifto-i, culate, emerging througli the stomata, cylindrical, generally many times dichotomously divided above, terminal branchlets often acuto-incurved and bearing tlie elliptical gonidia, which are not furnished with an apical papilla, and germinate by the protrusion of a lateral germ-tube. Peronosjwra, Corda, Icon. i. p. 20 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 244. Peronospora, Cke. Hdbk p. 592 (in part). Forming thin " mildew ^' on the living leaves of plants ; known amongst its allies by the filiform branched haustoria, and absence of a papilla at the apex of the gonidium. A. Calotliecse, De Bary. Oospore globose, epispore warted, or with ridges that often anastomose and form a reticulation. Mycelium generally bearing filiform branched haustoria. Peronospora calotlieca, De Bary. Gonidiophores slender, 7 — 9 times dichotomously divided above, primary branches suberect, remainder spreading on every side, ultimate branchlets very slender, short, straight or slightly curved ; gonidia elliptical, 25-30x14-17 fi, rounded and obtuse at both ends, very pale lilac ; oospores globose, epispore stout, bay, with thin ridges united to form a minute reticulation. Peronospora calotlieca, De Bary, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. vol. xx. p. Ill (1863) ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 817. Peronospora galii, Fuckel, F. Rhen. n. 28. Peronospora slier ardix, Fuckel. Classification, 117 On leaves of several rubiaceous plants, as Galium verum, G. aparinej G. fcdustris; Asperula dor at a ; Sherardia arvensis, &c. Not common. Peronospora myosotidis, De Bary. Gonidiopliores slender, elongated, generally emerg- ing through the stomata of the leaf in pairs_, uni- formly 6 — 9 times dichotomously divided, all the branches spreading, terminal branchlets very slender ; gonidia elliptical, very obtuse at both ends, 20-23 X 13-18 iJbj wall thin, with a faint tinge of lilac; oospores globose, 25-30 ^l, epispore stout, clear yellow -brown, with thick ridges combined to form a regular, large-meshed reticulation. Peronospora myosotidis, De Bary, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. vol. xx. p. 112 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 818. On various boraginaceous plants, as Myosotis arven- sis, M. hispida ; Symphytum officinalis, S. tuherostim ; Lithosperumum arvense, &c. Not common. Peronospora vicise, De Bary. Gonidiophores forming dense, effused, whitish, then pale pinkish-grey tufts, equally, rarely irregularly 6 — 8 times dichotomously branched, branches squarrose, the ultimate branchlets subulate, short ; gonidia elliptical, apex rounded, base blunt or rather acute, membrane thin, pale dingy violet, 25-28 x 15-18 /a; oospores globose, pale yellow-brown, with ridges united to form a regular, wide-meshed reticu- lation. Peronospora vicise, De Bary, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. vol. XX. p. 112; Sacc. Syll. vii. 819; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1779 ; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. 15, f. 266 ; t. 10, f. 212. Ii8 British Fun^ri^ ^> Botrytis vicia3, Berk., Journ. Hort. Soc. i. 31. On leaves of leguminous plants, Viciafaha (Berke- ley's type specimen is on tliis species), V. sepium, V. hirsuta, V. tetrasperma, V, cracca, V. sativa ; Pisum sativum, Lathy ms pratensis, Orohus tuherosa,Melilot7i8 officinalis, &c. Common. Often forming a dense felt on the under surface of the leaves. Peronospora arenarise, Tul. Gonidiophores forming delicate, effused, white tufts, often emerging singly from the stomata, slender, 6 — 7 times equally, rarely irregularly, dichotomously divided ; branches spreading, terminal branchlets very slender, subulate, straight ; gonidia elliptical, very obtuse at both ends, 20-25x14-16 p., very slightly tinged lilac ; oospores globose, clear brown, with stout hemispherical warts that sometimes have a tendency to become elongated, 24-30 p> diameter. Peronospora arenarise, Tulasne, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. tab. xxxviii. ; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1780; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. 7, f. 268, t. 10, f. 211 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 823. Botrytis arenarisSj Berk. Journ. Hort. Soc. i. p. 31, tab. 4. On leaves of various caryophyllaceous plants. Arenaria serpyllifolia ; Berkeley's type specimen is on A. trinervis ; Stellaria media. Not uncommon. B. Leiotliecse, Schroet. ( = Parasitica and Effusse of De Bary). Oospores subglobose, epispore usually smooth, sometimes slightly regulose, but not distinctly warted nor reticulated. Mycelium often as in Calothecse. Classification, 119 Peronospora parasitica, De Bary (figs. 45, 46, 129). Mycelium thick, very much branched, branches thick, obtuse or subclavate, curved, often entering into and filling up the cells of the host, haustoria numerous, branched ; gonidiophores thick, soft, flexuous, equal or unequal, 5 — 8 times dichotomously, rarely trichotomously divided, branches repeatedly bi-, trichotomous, the branches continue to become more slender from the first order, ultimate branchlets subulate, more or less arcuate ; gonidia broadly elliptical, colourless, apex very obtuse, 20-25x16- 20 fi ; oogonia angularly globose, membrane very thick, stratified colourless or yellowish, oospores globose, smooth or slightly rugulose, yellowish or brownish, 25-45 fi diameter. Peronospora parasitica, De Bary, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. vol. xx. p. 110; Sacc. Syll. vii. 830; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1778; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. 14, f. 265. On leaves and inflorescence of various cruciferous plants, often in company with Cystopus candidus. Has been met with on various species of the following genera — Gapsella, Nasturtium, Barharea, Turritis, Arahis, Cardamine, Dentaria, Hesperis, Sisymbrium, Erysimum, Cheiranthus, Matthiola, Brassica, Sinapis, Alyssium, Eriophila, Camelina, Thlaspi, Lepidium, Diplotaxis, Bunias, Raplianus, Neslia. Not un- common, Peronospora ficarise, Tul. Forming broadly effused, dirty white, then greyish- lilac tufts ; gonidiophores short, 5 — 7 times equally or unequally dichotomously ^divided^ ultimate or penulti- 120 British Fttnoi, ^> mate branches often arcuate, ultimate brancWets often eloDgato-subulate ; gonidia broadly elliptical, pale dirty lilac, 20-25 x 15-18 /a; oospores with a tbickish, pale yellowisb-brown, smooth membrane, 22-32 /a diameter; oogonia subglobose, brown, almost smooth^ 35 /^ diameter. Peronospora jicarise, Tulasne, Compt. Rend. 26 Jan. 1854 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 835. On under surface of living leaves of Banunculus ficaria, R. acris, R. flammulaj R. auricomusj R. hulbostis. Not common. Often covering the entire plant and producing fruifc everywhere, except on the roots and flowers. Peronospora arhorescens, De Bary. Gonidiophores slender, erect, towards the top 7 — 10 times divided in a dichotomous manner, branches spreading, more or less flexuous, becoming thinner from the first order, ultimate branchlets very slender, short, subulate, more or less curved; gonidia sub- globose, 15-24 X 15-20, very pale lilac; oospores globose, epispore brown^ minutely strialulate, 25-35 /JL diameter. Peronospora arhoresce^is, De Bary, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. vol. xx. p. 119; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1785; Cke. Micr. Fung. p. 217 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 836. Botrytis arborescens. Berk, Journ. Hort, Soc. 1, p. 31, t. 4, f. 24. On the under surface of leaves of plants belonging to the genus Papaver, as P. rhoeaSj P. duhmm, P. soriiniferurriy P. agremo7ies. Not uncommon. Often almost entirely covering the under surface of the leaves with a thin cottony felt. Classification. 121 Peronospora affinisy Rossm. Gonidiopliores stout, regularly 5 — 7 times dichoto- mously divided, brandies spreading, ultimate branch- lets short, subulate, straight or curved towards the base; gonidia elliptical, 22-26x15-18, obtuse, pale dingy-lilac ; oospores globose, epispore smooth, brown. Peronospora affinis, Rossm. in Rab. Herb. Myc. ed. ii. n. 189; De Bary, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. vol. xx. p. 118; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 837. On leaves of Fumaria officinalis. Rare. Peronospora violae, De Bary. Forming felt-like, effused, pale greyish-lilac patches; gonidiophores fasciculate, short, 2 — 7 times dichotomously divided, ultimate branchlets short, subulate, deflexed ; gonidia elliptical, shortly apicu- late, pale lilac, 20-24 x 14-18 /a. Peronospora violw, De Bary, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. vol. XX. p. 125 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 838. On living leaves of Viola tricolor and V. Riviana. Rare. Recedes from the genus Peronospora in having th.e gonidia apiculate, but typical in other respects. Peronospora tr if olio rum, De Bary. Forming effused greyish patches ; gonidiopliores equally or unequally 6 — 7 times dichotomously or rarely trichotomously divided, ultimate branchlets subulate, acute, slightly curved; gonidia ellipsoid, very obtuse, pale dirty lilac, 18-27x15-20 fi ■ oospores globose, brown, smooth, 25-38 fju diameter. Peronospora trifoliorumf De Bary, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. vol. xx. p. 117, 1863; Sacc. Syll. vii. no. 122 British Fungi, 841; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1783; Cke. Micr. Fung. p. 216. On living leaves of leguminous plants belonging to the following genera : — Ononis, Medicago, Melilotus, Tr (folium, Lotus, Coronilla, Astragalus, Orohus. Common. Usually covering the entire under surface of tlie leaves with a very delicate greyish film. Teronospora violaxea, Berk. Forming minute, scattered, pale lilac tufts ; my- celium with saccate haustoria; gonidiophores very short, 5 — 7 times dichotomously divided, primary branches few, erect, termiual branchlets short, erect ; gonidia elliptical, lilac, 30-40x16-20 fi; oospores globose, epi>pore brown, irregularly plicate, thick (5-8 /x), 20-26 f6 diameter. Feronospora violacea, Berk. Outl. p. 349; Cke. Hdbk. n. 349; Cke. Micr. Fung. p. 217; Sacc. Syll. vii. 846. On petals of Scahiosa arvensis. Not uncommon. The vesicular haustoria are unusual in the genus Peronospora. Possibly the above species is identical with a fungus described by Leveille (Ann. Sci. Kat. 1846, p. 298) as ^^Botrytis violacea; hyph^e erect, continuously dichoto- mously branched ; gonidia ovate, glabrous, violet.^' On flowers of Pyrethnim arvense, and on living leaves of Lathyrus palustris. Found in France. Feronospora grisea, De Bary. Forming dense, felt-like, violet-grey tufts on the under surface of leaves; gonidiophores fasciculate, Classificatio n. 123 thick, greyish-violet, 5-7 times regularly dichoto- mously divided; branches attenuated upwards, the primary ones ascending, the remainder patent, flexuous, ultimate branchlets generally unequal, slightly curved ; gonidia elliptical, very obtuse, pale dirty lilac, 25-30 X 15-22 fjL ; oospores clear brown, wall thick, smooth, 30-40 fM diameter. Peronospora grisea, De Bary, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. vol. XX. p. 119, t. 13, f. 12 ; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1784 ; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. 10, f. 213 ; Sacc. SylL vii. 852. Botrytis grisea, Unger. Bot. Ztg. 1874, p. 315. On under surface of leaves of scrophulariaceous plants, — Veronica heccahiinga, V. serpyllifolia, V. scutellata, V. arvensis, V. ver7ia, V. trijjhylla, V. hedercefolicbj V. anagallis. Not uncommon. Peronospora lamii, De Bary. Forming dense, effused, greyish-lilac patches, goni- diophores short, 5 — 7, generally 6 times dichotomously divided, branches tapering upwards, spreading, more or Jess curved, ultimate branchlets generally elongated, subulate ; gonidia broadly elliptical, with a short persistent pedicel, pale dingy lilac, 17-22 x 15-20" oospores small, brown. Peronospora lamii, De Bary, in Kab. Herb. Myc. ed. ii. n. 325 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 853. On under surface of leaves of labiate plants, as Lamium allmrrij L. ruhrum, L. amplexicaule, L. macu- latum; Salvia pratensiSy Stachys palastris. Not common. Often forming broadly effused felt-like patches on under surface of leaves. 124 British Ftmgi, Pe^'onospora effusa, Rabenh. Forming effused greyisli spots ; gonidiopliores fasci- culate, emerging througli the stomata, short, thick, 2 — 7 times dichotomously divided above, ultimate branchlets thick, shortly subulate, curved downwards ; gonidia elliptical, distinctly pedicellate, pale dingy lilac, 25-35 x 15-24 /x ; oospore globose, epispore clear brown, irregularly wrinkled, 25-38 /jl diameter. Peronospora effiiscij Herb. Myc. Fung. no. 1880; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 854; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1781; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. 10, figs. 214, 215. On living leaves of plants belonging to the orders Clienopodiaceoe, Polygonacese, and Violaceoe, as Cheno- f odium album, C. muralisj C. glaucum, C. polysper- nuim, C. liyhridum, C. Bonus-Henricus, Spinacia oleracea, Atriplex patula, A. nitens, A. Imstata, A. rosea, Polygonum convolvulus. The following varieties have not yet been met with in Britain. Var. a minor, branches slenderer than in type, erecto-patent, ultimate branchlets subulate, sub- squarrose, straight or slightly curved, not deflexed ; gonidia globoso-elliptical, pedicel scarcely conspicuous. On Atriplex. Yar. ^ violce on leaves of VloIoj tricolor, var. arvensis. Yar. 7 polygoni, distinguished from the type form by the whitish colour of the small tufts. Forming usually broadly effused patches on the under surface of leaves. Common on cultivated spinach. Peronospora urticse, De Bary. Gonidiophores small, loosely 4-6 times dichoto- Classification, 1 2 5 mously divided, branclies flexuous, ultimate branclilets- subulate, curved and often deflexed ; goaidia broadly elliptical or subglobose, distinctly pedicellate, apex very obtuse, 20-28 x 17-21 yj, pale dingy lilac; oospores globose, brown, smooth, 21-25 /a dia- meter. Peronospora urticae, De Bary, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. vol. XX. p. 116; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 856; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1782 ; Oke. Micr. Fung. p. 216. On the under surface of leaves of common nettle, TJrtica dioica and U. urens. Not uncommon. Forming small lilac-grey patches. Cooke says that the gonidia have the apex papillseform, but very obtuse Peronospora Schleideni, Unger. Forming greyish-lilac tufts ; gonidiophores large, erect, aseptate, 250-400 //. high, branched alternately or in a dichotomous manner, ultimate and penulti- mate branches strongly arched; gonidia obovate, apex obtuse or subacute, pale dingy violet, 45-55 x 22-25 /ju; oospores broadly elliptical or globose, epispore thin, smooth. Peronospora Schleideni, Unger, Bot. Ztg. 1847, p. 315; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 857. Peronospora Schleideniana, Cke. Hdbk. n. 1787; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. 13, f. 263. Botrytis destructor, Berk. Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 436, t.'l3, f. 23. On leaves of various species of Allium. Not un- common. Forming broadly effused patches which sometimes entirely cover the leaves ; very destructive during some seasons to the cultivated onion. 126 British Fu ng i. Characterized by the obovate gonidia. Peroiospora candidacy Fckl. Forming broadly effused, white patches, gonidio- pliores thin, erect, simple for some distance above, 6 — 10 times dichotomously divided, ultimate branchlets slender, spreading, often slightly curved ; gonidia broadly elliptical, very obtuse, 15-18x10-13 //,; oospores globose, rugulose, bright brown, 30-36 //. diameter. Peronospora Candida, Fuckel, Fung. Ehen. n. 3S ; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1786; Cke. Micr. Fung. ed. 2, p. 225 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 860. On living primrose leaves, frequently covering a considerable portion, or the whole of the under surface, witb a white, minutely-velvety layer. Local. This species has occurred in Germany on the leaves of Anagallis arvensis, var. ccerulea. Peronospora hyoscyami, De Bary. Gonidiophores stout, tall, 5 — 8 times dichoto- mously divided, branches spreading, becoming thinner, straight or curved, ultimate branchlets spreading at very obtuse angles, short, conico-subulate, straight ; gonidia elliptical, very obtuse^ pale lilac, 13-24 x 13-18 /ju. Peronospora hyoscyami, De Bary, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. iv. vol. xx. p. 123; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 877. Peronospora effusa, var. hyoscyami, Rab. Fung. Eur. n. 291. On living leaves of Hyoscyamus niger. Eare. Forming scarcely conspicuous, greyish-brown, Classification , [27 tomentose patches on the under surface of the leaves. Peronospora sordida, Berk. Forming broadly effused diogy patches; gonidio- phores tall, lower unb ranched portion elongated, equal, dividing irregularly into 3 — 6 main branches, which are 2 — 4 times irregularly forked, often more or less curved downwards, bifurcate at the tips, ultimate branchlets short, conico-subulate, often curved and deflexed ; gonidia broadly elliptical, obtuse, with a very faint tinge of lilac, or colourless, 20-28 X 15-20 /^. Peronospora sordida, Berk. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. iii. vol. vii. p. 449, n. 953; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1789; Cke. Micr. Fung. p. 217 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 881. On under surface of leaves of tScrophularia aquatica, S. nodosa, S. altaica, Verbascum hlattaria, F. thapsus, V. thapsiforme, V. nigrum, V. virgatum, Digitalis purpurea. Not uncommon. The gonidia are described as obovate and apiculate> but I have not seen this in the type specimens or any other examined, but always as described above. Peronospora sparsa. Berk. Gonidiophores scattered, simple for some distance from the base, divided above into 3 — 5 main, suberect branches, which are 2 — 4 tiines irregularly forked, and sometimes slightly curved and deflexed, ultimate branchlets generally curved, conico-acumi- nate ; gonidia broadly elliptical, very obtuse, 17-20 X 14-16 At. 128 British Fungi. Peronosjjora sparsa, Berk. Gard. Cliron. 1862, p. 308, with fig.; Cke. Hdbk. n. 1790; Sac. Syll. vii. n. 884. On under surface of living rose leaves. Rare. Gonidiophores scattered or aggregated and fomiing an almost imperceptible grey film. The type speci- men in Berkeley's herbarium is on the leaves of some large cultivated rose. Fam. 3. Sapeolegniace^. Asexual mode of reproduction by zoogonidia that are generally biciliate ; the hyph^e becoming partly or entirely transformed into zoosporangia ; sexual mode by oogonia and antheridia. Analysis of the Genera. A. Zoosporangia formed from the terminal portions of the hyphge. Antherozoids not formed from proto- plasm of antheridia. § Filaments more or less constricted at intervals. Leptomihis. Zoogonidia biciliate. §§ Filaments not constricted. * Zoogonidia always destitute of a membrane. Saprolegnia. Zoogonidia evolved within the zoo- sporangia ; oogonia generally polysporous. Pijthium. Zoogonidia evolved after escaping from the zoosporangia ; oogonia monosporous. ** Zoogonidia at first with a distinct membrane from which they escape before leaving the zoo- sporangia. Dityuchus. Oogonia not perforated. Bijjlanes. Oogonia perforated. Classification, 129 *** Zoogonidia naked while in tlie zoosporangia, becoming invested with a membrane after their escape. Achlya. Zoogonidia arranged without order in the zoosporangia ; oogonia polysporous. AphanomycGs. Zoogonidia arranged in a uniseriate manner in cylindrical zoosporangia; oogonia uni-^, bisporous. B. Zoosporangia arranged in a seriate manner ; antherozoids formed from protoplasm of antheridia. Monohlepharis. Zoogonidia nniciliate. Leptomitus, Agardh. Hyphas constricted at regular intervals, sparingly branched ; zoosporangia formed from the terminal portions of the branches, one or several superposed ; zoogonidia maturing within the zoosporangium and not escaping until after germination. Leptomitus, Agardh, Syst. Alg. p. 50 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 2d5. Closely allied to the genus Saprolegnia, and dis- tinguished chiefly by the hyphse being constricted at regular intervals. Rhipidium, a genus not known in Britain, agrees with Leptomitus in the constricted filaments, but is distinguished by the flabellately arranged branches. Leptomitus lactens, Ag. Forming tassel-like waving tufts, attached at the base, dirty white and slimy ; filaments up to 5 cm. long and 6-12 fx thick, constricted at intervals, dichotomously branched, flaccid ; zoosporangia ter- K 130 Brilish Fungi. minal on tlie filaments or axillary ; zoogonidia ovate, 2 ^ long, furnished with two cilia about 12 /u. long. Leptomitus lactens, Ag. Syt. p. 50 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 888. Saprolegnia ladea, Pringsh. Jahib. vol. ii. t. xxiii. f. 10, and t. XXV. figs. 1 — 6. In ditches and rivers, attached to wood, aquatic plants, &c. Not uncommon. Leptomitus hrachynema, Hildebr. (fig. 28). Filaments constricted at intervals, short, sparingly branched, forming small flowicg tufts ; zoosporangia globose, generally containing six zoogonidia, terminal and solitary or aggregated, 28-35 yit diameter; oogonia irregularly globose, adnate with the wall of the globose colourless oospore. Lejjtomitus hracliynema, Hildebrand, in Pringsh. Jahrbuch, vi. p. 261, t. xvi. figs. 12 — 23; Sacc. Syll. vii. 889. Forming short, dirty white, flowing tufts, attached to submerged bodies in stagnant water. Rare. Numerous forms considered by Kutznig as algae, and referred to by Saccardo as doubtful species of the present genus, have occurred in various chemical solu- tions, such as hydrate of ammonia, phosphoric acid, &c. ; also in various other solutions. Saprolegnia, Nees. Filaments not constricted, branched ; zoosporangia clavate or cylindrico-clavate, after the zoogonidia escape the transverse septum at the base of the zoo- sporangium grows up as a second zoosporangium enclosed within the first empty one ; zoogonidia com- Classification . 1^1 pletely evolved iu the zoosporangium and escaping in the swarming state ; oogonia containing many, rarely only one oospore ; antheridia small, clavate or ovate, produced at the tips of special, slender branchlets. Saj/rolegnia, 'Nees, Nov. Act. Leop. xi. 2, p. 513; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 268. Remarkable for the manner in which the zoospo- raDgia appear within each other, the walls of the older ones being persistent and remaining as a sheath round the younger ones. A. Species monoecious. * Oogonia i^olysporous, Saprolegnia androgynia, Archer. Monoecious ; oogonia barrel-shaped or elliptical, generally in an uninterrupted terminal series, rarely interstitial; antheridial branches springing from the walls of the oogonia and fertilizing the oospheres of the oogonium immediately above the oogonium from which they originate, oospheres of lowest oogonium of the series fertilized by antheridia springing from the stem ; oospores numerous in each oogonium, globose, 30-35 fjb diameter. Saprolegnia androgynia, Archer, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. vii. new ser. p. 123, pi. vi. f. 1 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 912. " In 'one instance, in the mass made by the plant, three seeming sporangia (zoosporangia), evacuated by zoospores, one ivithin the other, each showing a ter- minal opening, were observed .... the whole plant large and coarse as compared with other described forms in this family '' (Archer). K 2 132 British Fitngi. Saprolegnia monoica, Pringslieim. (fig. 38). Oogonia with a terminal or lateral perforation, oospores hyaline, globose, 20 /u, diameter ; antheridia formed at the tips of lateral branches. Saprolegnia monoica, Pringsh. Jahrb. Band i. p. 292, t. xix. and xx. ; Sacc. Sylh vii. n. 911; Archer, Proc. Dubl. Micr. Club, i. 17. On flies, spiders, lars'se, &c., under water. Not common. B. Species dioecious. Salpro legnia ferox, Nees. Main stem without lateral branches ; oogonia per- forated; oospores numerous, globose, 30 /x diameter ; antheridia ovate, produced on the tips of special filaments. Saprolegnia ferox, Nees, in Kutz. Phyc. Gen. p. 256; Sacc. SylL vii. n. 916; Cke. Hdbk. p. 639, figs. 308, 309. Saprolegnia dioica, Schroet. Achlya prolifera, Pringsh. Jahrb. Band ii. On dead flies, fish, newts, &c., in water. Causincr the well-known and destructive salmon disease. Common. Sporendonerna musc3e, Fries., or Ernpusa muscset Cohn, was at one time considered to be an imperfect aerial condition of the present species, but it is now known that the two are not in any way related. Pythium, Pringsheim. Mycelium simple or branched, aseptate or with an occasional septum ; walls of zoosporangia usually very thin and evanescent, zoogonidia always naked, be- Classification. i 1 '> coming differentiated after leaving the zoosporaiDgia ; in some species large spherical gonidia are formed intersfcitially and terminal on the braiichlets in im- mense numbers; oogonia monosporous ; wall of mature oospore smooth or variously ornamented with raised bands. PijtMum, Pringsh. Jahrb. i. p. 288; Sacc. Syli. vii. p. 270. Closely allied to the genus Saprolegnia, in fact the only difference between the two depends on the zoogonidia being fully evolved in the zoosporangium in Saprolegnia, whereas in Pythmm the contents of the zoosporangia escape before the cilia of the zoogonidia are formed. The biological section of mycologists con- sider that the various slight modifications presented during the differentiation of the zoogonidia are of generic importance in the present group ; time will, perhaps, prove whether this idea is correct. Pyikium De-Baryanum, Hesse, (figs. 39 — 42). Mycelium branched, aseptate or with only an occasional septum ; gonidia spherical, thin walled, terminating short lateral branches, or interstitial, 20-30 //-diameter; zoosporangia globose or broadly elliptical, sometimes shortly papillate, terminal or intercalary ; oogonia globose, membrane not per- forated ; oospores globose, exospore thick, smooth, 25-35 ijb diameter; antheridia clavate, on very short branches produced immediately below the oogonium, or on distinct branches. Pythium De-Baryanum, Hesse, ein Endophytischer Schmarotzer, p. '34 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 924 ; Ward, 134 British Fungi, Quart. Journ. Microscop. Sci. vol. 23 (1883), p. 487, pi. 24, fF. 1—10. Pythium equisefi, Sadeb. in Sitz. d. Bot. Ver. der Prov. Brandenb. 1874, p. 166. Pythium vexans, De Bary, Bot. Zgt. 1881, p. 537, t. V. ff. 3—7. Parasitic or sapropbj-^tic in various plants, frequent in cress seedlings grown in damp, shady places. Common. Pythium proliferum, De Bary. Mycelium often profu-ely branched ; zoosporangia elliptical or lemon-shaped, beaked, wall thick, zoo- gonidia reniforra, biciliate, escaping through the diffluent apex of the beak, a second zoosporangium usually originates from the base and wdthin the first empty one ; oospores spherical, epispore smooth, 28- 35 /u. diameter; antheridia short, clavate, curved. Pythium proliferum, De Bary, Pringsh. Jahrb. ii. p. 182, t. xxi. figs. 28—37; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 926; V\rard, Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. vol. 23 (1883), p. 497, pi. 24 and 25, figs. 11—21. On putrid insects and plants in stagnant water. Uncommon. Not a good Pythium, departing from typical forms in the thicker wall of the zoosporangia, and in the proliferous habit, or development of one zoosporangium within another, as in Saprolegnia. Pythium cystosiphon, Lindstedt. Mycelium entophytic, aseptate or with an occasional septum, slender, 4-5 fi thick, penetrating the cells of the host ; zoosporangia on short branches, formed Classijicatio n, 135 witliin tlie cells of the host^ spherical or oblong, BO- SS fi ; zoogoiiidia subreniform, witb a cilium at each end ; oogonia globose, terminal or intercalary, oospore globose, epispore thick, with ridges forming a vague reticulation, 40-45 fj, diameter ; antheridia termiDai on branches developed near the oogonia, which are perforated by a short beak. Pythium cystosiphon, Lindstedt, Syn. Saproleg. p. 50; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 927. Cystosiplion pythioides, E,oze et Corun, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. v. vol. xi. p. 72, t. iii. figs. 1 — 22. In living fronds of WolffiaMiclielii{ —Lemna arrldza, L.) Rare. PytJiium megalacanthum, De Bary. Mycelium branched, aseptate, branches tapering ; zoosporangia spherical, elliptical, obovate, or irregular in outline, usually with several elongated beaks: zoogonidia subglobose, biciliate, 18-20 /jl diameter; oogonia terminal or intercalary, 38-45 /ul diameter, wall thick, with numerous stout, conical spines, 8- 10 JUL long; oospores globose, 25-30 /j. diameter, smooth. PytJiium megalacantlium, De Bary, in Schroet. Kr. Fl. Schles. Pilze, p. 232. In semiputrid vegetable remains in water. Rare. Distinguished by the many beaked zoosporargia and the coarsely spinulose oogonia. Dictyuchus, Lietgeb. Zoospores of two forms, escaping from their proper membranes before leaving the zoosporangia, the empty membranes remaining in the zoosporangia and 136 British Fmigi. presenting a reticulated appearance ; oogonia one or many spored, not perforated. Bidyuclnis, Liete. in Pringsh. Jalirb. vii. p. 357; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 273. Closely resembling Pythium, the generic difference depending almost entirely on the thin membranes originally clothing the zoogonidia remaining in an empty condition in the zoosporangia, and giving to the latter a cellular appearance. Bidyuclnis monosporus, Lietg. (figs. 102 — 104). Dioecious ; hyph^ aseptate, branched ; oogonia terminal on tbe branchlets, spherical, not perforated, 25-30 fi diameter, containing one globose, hyaline oospore; antheridia vermiform, branched, clasping, but not perforating, the oogonia; zoosporangia elongato-clavate, containing numerous spherical, bi- ciliate zoosfonidia, which emerg-e in the active condition, leaving their exceedingly delicate membranes in the form of a tissue or netvrork in the zoosporangia. Bictyuchus monosporus, Lietg. in Pringsh. Jahrb. vii. p. 371, pi. xxii., xxiii.; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 936. In rotting bulbs of tulips and hyacinths in water. Rare. Biplanes, Lietg. Zoosporangia delicate, perforated, zoogonidia bi- ciliate, at first enclosed in a delicate membrane, from which they escape before leaving the zoosporangium ; oogonia perforated, polysporous. Biplanes, Lietg. in Pringsh. Jahrb. vii. p. 374 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 274. Yeiy near to the genus Saprolcgnia, differing in the Classijicatiofi, 137 zoogonidia being at first surrounded by a delicate membrane. Biplanes saprolegnioides , Lietg. (figs. 91 — 93.) Mycelium aseptate, slightly branched ; oogonia terminal on the branchlets, perforated, 35-40 yu, diameter, containing many spherical oospores ; anthe- ridia irregularly clavate, terminating lateral branches originating near the oogonia ; zoosporangia terminal, cylindrical, furnished with one or two papillae that become perforated for the escape of the subreniform, biciliate zoogonidia. Biplanes saprolegnioides, Lietg. in Pringsheim^s Jahrb. Bd. vii- p. 374, tab. xxiv. ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 939. Achlya intermedia, Bail. Krank. Insect, durch Pilze, t. ii. f, 29. In putrefying insects in water. Rare. Achlya, Nees. Dioecious or monoecious ; oogonia smooth or strongly echinulate, polysporous, rarely unisporous ; antheridia terminal on simple or divided branchlets usually springing from the hypha just below the oogonia in monoecious species ; zoosporangia cylin- drico-clavate, terminal, containing numerous zoo- S'onidia arrano-ed without order in a crowded manner, the zoogonidia are enclosed in a thin pellicle after liberation from the zoosporangia, and usually form a compact hollow sphere at the moment of escape from the zoosporangia, from which they eventually escape in the naked form. Habit of Saprolegnia. 138 British Fungi. Achlyn, Xee?, Nov. Act. Leop. xi. 2, p. 514; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 274. A. Monoecious. Achlya poJijandra, HildelDrand (fig. 31). Mycelium branched ; oogonia globose or broadly elliptical, large, up to 150 /u diameter, not perforated; oospores numerous, globose, smootb, brown, 25 /j, diameter ; antlieridia 2 — 6 attaclied to one oogonium, terminal on simple or divided, slender, llexuous branches sprinoring from the hypha supporting the oogonia; zoosporangia apical, cylindrical, slender, very long. Achlya polyandra, Hildebrand, in Pringsheim's Jahrb. vi. t. xvi. fif. 7 — 11 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n- 941. On putrid insects in water. Eare. B. Dioecious. Achlya cornuta, Archer. Plant dioecious; oogonia large, mostly terminal, often in an interrupted series, the outer wall drawn out into numerous horn-like extensions of varying and ofteu considerable length, sometimes bifid ; the apex of the terminal one drawn out generally very long, and occa- sionally the supporting filament or stem giving off lateral branches by a kind of proliferous growth, each of which eventuallv terminates in an oocronium of similar character, but usually of smaller size ; oospores large, one or several in an oogonium ; mother cells of spermatozoids (zoogonidia) as in Achlya dioica. The uppermost oogonium is the first or oldest formed, the lowest the voungrest or last formed in the series. Achlya cornuta, Archer, Quart. Journ. !Micr. Science, vol. vii., new series (lb67), p. 127, pi. vi. figs. 2—6. Classification. 139 The above description^ without locality or habitat, is all that is known of this apparently distinct species. Aphanomyces, De Bary. Zoosporangia very long-, slender, cylindrical, zoogonidia uniseriate ; oogonia usually containing one, rarely two, oospores ; antheridia apical on vermiform brauchlets, encirclinof the ooo-onia. Aphanomijces, De Bary in Pringsh. Jahrb. ii. p. 170 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 276. Characterized by the slender, elongated zoo- sporangia, with the zoogonidia in a single row, or uniseriate. Aphanomyces stellatus, De Bary (figs. 105 — 108). Myceh'um creeping, fertile branches erect, oogonia when mature spherical, stellate, 26-35 /jl diameter, including the rays; oospores spherical, 15-18 fi, one, rarely two in each oogonium ; gonidia at first in chains, either forming zoogonidia or producing germ-tabes. Aplianomijces stellatus, De Bary, Pringsh. Jahrb. ii. p. 170, t. xix. figs. 1 — 13 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 949. On putrid insects in water. Rare. A second species, not recordedfor Britain, is parasitic within the cells of various species of Spirogyra. Monoblepharis, Cornu. Mycelium asepiate, branched ; oogonia terminal, sometimes appearing to be lateral owing to a con- tinuation of growth of the hypha beyond the oogonium, the latter being laterally deflected, solitary, or superposed in chains of from 3 — 12 ; antheridia formed from the cells immediately below, and supporting the oogonia, or springing from 140 B^'itish Fungi. the wall of tlie latter organ, solitary or superposed ; antherozoids motile, furnished with a single cilium ; zoosporangia thin walled, sometimes proliferous ; zoosronidia motile, uniciliate. Monohlepharis, Cornu. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. v. vol. XX. p. 84 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 277. Distinguished by the motile antherozoids and zoogonidia being nniciliate. Monohlepharis spliserica, Cornu. (figs. 26, 27). Mycelium branched, aseptate, about 5 /x diameter; oogonia monosporous, terminal, solitary, rarely in pairs, globose and with an apical papilla at maturity ; oospore spherical, 25-30 /a diameter, pale browm, warted ; the single antheridium consists of a portion of the hypha supporting the oogonium and imme- diately below it, cut off from the general cavity of the hypha by a septum, antherozoids elliptical, with a long, apical cilium. Monohlepliaria spluerica, Cornu. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. V. vol. XV. p. 82, pi. ii. figs. 1 — 6 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 953. On rotten leaves in stagnant water. Rare. Resembling in appearance a species of Pythium or Saprolegnia, but distinguished by the motile uniciliate antherozoids contained in a cut-off portion of the supporting hypha immediately below the oogonium. Fam. 4. Entomophthore^. The species included in the EntomophthorecB are for the most part entomogenous, or parasitic on insects, but a few species not yet recorded for Britain are met with on fungi, in the prothalli of ferns, or on the Classification. 141 dung of frogs and lizards. All the species are structurally closely allied, and, in the entomogenous forms, are characterized by the thick hyphge filled with oil globules and fatty contents, which emerge from between the rings of the insect^s abdomen in compact white masses of gonidiophores, producing at their tips comparatively large gonidia, which at maturity are projected to a distance. These gonidia, on coming in contact with a new host, germinate at once, and propagate the disease. In addition to the gonidial mode of reproduction, thick- walled resting-spores, either zygospores or azygospores, are often produced, in some species in the tissues of the host, in others externally ; these, after a period of rest, germinate and produce gonidia that are also discharged into the air by the sud- den rupture of the supporting gonidiophores. In some species the host is firmly attached to the suhstratum, or substance upon which it rests, by specialized hyphal branches, termed rhizoids by Thaxter.^ These rhizoids may be simple or branched, the tips being often discoid. In other cases the affected host is firmly fixed by its proboscis to the substratum. It was at one time considered that the members of the present group were stages in the life- cycle of the species of Saprolegniece. For example, Empusa muscat was considered as a condition of Saprolegiiia/erox, the cause of the salmon disease. The discovery of sexually produced resting-spores in the Entomojjhthorece has shown this view to be un- ^ Entomophthorese of the United States ; Memoirs, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv., number vi. (1888). 142 British Fungi, tenable. Altliougli in some instances the fungus, so far as observation goes, appears to produce no injurious effect on the insect host, yet in most cases the death of the host is the result, and it is probable that in many instances the mortality thus effected is very widespread, and as the mortality often occurs in insects injurious to plants of economic importance, a correct knowledge of the life-history of the various species of fungi forming the present group is highly important. Thaxter says, " I have observed two epidemics caused by this species [Empusa {Ento- mophthora) Splicerosperma, Fres.], one among cer- tain small flies in a wood near marshy ground at Kittery, Me., where the hosts occurred in considerable numbers, fixed by the fungus on the under side of the lower leaves, a few feet from the ground. The second instance occurred in two orchards in the same locality, where the hundreds of the previously mentioned epidemic were replaced by tens of thousands, the host in this instance being the leaf-hopper [TypMocyha mall and rosce), a pest only too well known to cultivators of roses. Having first observed it in some abundance on roses in a garden, I was led to make an examination of adjacent apple orchards, and found the lower branches of the trees literally covered with the affected hosts, a dozen or more being often fastened to a single leaf." ^ The same author describes Ento- mophthora apldclis as producing a similar wholesale destruction of the aphis so injurious to the hop plant. 2 I.e. p. 173. Classificatio7i, 143 ENTOMOPHTHORE^. Gonicliopliores simple or brauclied, generally emerging from the matrix ; zygospores formed by the conjugation of two contiguous cells, or two branches of the same hypha, or arranged in a scalariform manner between two distinct hyphae ; azygospores are known in some species. The members of the present family somewhat resemble the SajprolegniesQ in habit, but are quite distinct in the mode of formation of the sexually produced resting-spores and in the gonidia not being motile. A considerable number of species are known in Europe, and undoubtedly careful research will add considerably to the number of British forms. Analysis of the Genera, A. Parasitic on insects. Em}:>usa. Gonidiophores simple. Entomoplithora. Gonidiophores branched. B. Saprophytic on excrement of batrachians. Basidioholus. Gonidiophores very much incras- sated at the tips. Empusa, Cohn. Mycelium developed within the living bodies of insects ; gonidiophores colourless, simple, or sparingly branched, emerging in an erumpent manner after the death of the insect ; gonidia terminal, smooth ; resting-spores, as azygospores, produced from hyphge in the body of the insect or from the germination of the gonidia. Empusa , Cohn, Hedwigia, 1885, p. 57 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 281. 144 British Fungi, The species form in most cases white, mould-like developments on the bodies of insects. Distinguished from Eiitonioijlitliora more especially by the mode of branching of the gonidiophores, which in the present genus are simple or irregularly branched, whereas in Enfomoplitliora the branching is truly digitate. Emjjusa muscse, Colin, (fig. 98). Gonidiophores simple, crowded, clavate, emerging between the segments of the host after death, gonidia terminal, subglobose, apex slightly mucronate, base truncate, colourless, variable in size, 18-30 yu. ; azy go- spores produced laterally or terminal on hyph^ within the host, globose, epispore thick, colourless, 30-38 /J, diameter. Empusa muscse, Cohn, Nov. Act. Acad. xxv. pt. i. p. 317; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 968. Sporendonertia muscse, Fr. Syst. Myc. iii. p. 438. rorm.ing a white, mould-like growth on the bodies of dead house-flies ( Masca domestica) and other dip- terous insects. Common. Dead house-flies are frequently seen during the autumn attached to window panes by a white halo formed by the hyphge of the present species. Empiosa culicis, A. Braun. Gonidiophores clavate, simple or branched, some- times becoming confluent in white or greenish masses, gonidia subglobose, colourless, apex apiculate, base truncate, 8-12 X 7-9 fi ; azygospores globose, pro- duced laterally or terminal on hyphge within the host, colourless, 24-28 /t diameter. Classification . 145 Empiisa culicis, A. Braun, Alg. Unicell. p. 105; Sacc. Syll. n. 969. Ou various small dipterous insects. Rare. Generally resembling Empusa muscm, but tbe gonidia and resting-spores are much smaller. Large cystidia are mixed with the gonidiophores. The host is anchored to the substratum by numerous mycelial " rhizoids.''^ Entomophthora, Fres. Mycelium developing within the bodies of living- insects, broadly effused, branched, after the death of the host giving origin to erumpent, digitately branched gonidiophores ; gonidia colourless or coloured; resting-spores globose, hard, epispore smooth, produced within the matrix of the host, often in a scalariform manner. Entomophthora, Fres. Bot. Ztg. 1856, p. 883 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 1, p. 282. The scalariform arrang'ement of the resting-spores is owing to conjugation taking place between two parallel hyphae that become connected by transverse outgrowths as in the genus Spirogyra amongst fresh- water algge, Entomophthora aphidis^ HofFm. Gonidiophores digitate, branches erect, or some- times subsiraple and more or less clavate ; goiiidia inconstant in form, elliptical, fusiform or irregular and sometimes curved, colourless, 24-30x8-16 fju; resting-spores globose, terminal on short branches, wall double, smooth, brownish, 30-45 fjb diameter. Entomophthora aphidisj Hoffm. Abhandl. der Senk. 146 British Fuiigi. naturf. Gesells. Band ii. p. 298, tab. ix. figs. 59 — 67 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 1, n. 975. On various species of aphides. Not common. The affected aphides are anchored to the substratum by a few mycelial rhizoids ending in flattened, discoid organs of attachment. Basidiobolus, Eidam. Sapi'ophytic ; mycelium broadly expanded, thick, branched, septate ; gonidiophores simple, erect, be- coming broadly clavate and basidia-like at the apex which produces gonidia ; resting-spores formed by the conjugation of adjoining cells in the same hypha. Basidiobolus, Eidam in Schroet. Kr. Fl. Schles. Pilze, p. 224 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 1, p. 285. Distinguished amongst the genera oi the Entomoph- tlioresB by the peculiar habitat, on the dung of batrachians, and by the remarkably inflated, simple, basidia-like gonidiophores. Basidiobolus ranarum, Eidam. Gonidiophores highly heliotropic, for some distance cylindrical, 13-15 yu, thick, simple, becoming clavate at the tips and from 40-60 /u, thick, gonidia solitary on the basidia, globose or broadly elliptical, 48-50 or 45-46 x 48-50 fju; resting-spores globose or broadly elliptical, epispore thick, undulate, smooth, consisting of several distinct layers, pale yellowish- brown or colourless, 25-45 /jl diameter. Basidiobolus raiiariim, Eidam, in Schroeter's Krypt. Fl. Schles. p. 225 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 1, n. 983. On dung of frogs kept in confinement. Xot un- common. Classification . 147 FaM. 5. CflYTRIDE^. The present family iRcludes a naraber of mostly very minute parasitic or saprophytic microscopic fiingi^ tlie greater part of which are aquatic or spend at least a portion of their vegetative period in water. A common point of agreement is the formation of sporangia of characteristic forms, the contents of * which break up simultaneously into zoogonidia or swarmspores. Each zoogonidium has usually one cilium, and produces either directly after con- jugating in pairs fresh sporangia, or becomes covered with a thick wall and forms a resting-spore, the contents eventually becoming transformed into a sporangium containing zoogonidia. The zoogonidia escape from the sporangium through a narrow opening, usually at the apex of the sporangium, formed by the sudden swelling and melting of a portion of the sporaugial-wall, and in some species are at first involved in mucilage from which they extricate themselves one by one, in other species they leave the sporangium singl3^ The lite-history of one species, described by Nowakowski, is summarized as follows by De Baiy :^ — • " PolypJoagus euglen^e a parasite upon resting Euglena virdis, has become the best known of the Chytridieae through Nowakowski's beautiful investi- gations. The swarmspore, when it has come to rest in the water, becomes spherical in shape, and at once puts out hair-like tubular-rhizoid processes in in- definite directions (B). If one of these encounters a 3 I.e. pp. 16-2-164. L 2 148 British Fungi. resting Euglena (e) it penetrates into its body, destroying and exhausting it to supply food to the parasite. The parasite then begius to increase in size, the rhizoid-tubes become larger and thicker, and new ones are formed which throw out branches, and attack and destroy any new Euglense which they encounter. In this way a much-branched plant is formed with hair-like terminal branchlets, which connect with the larger main stems, and. through these with the body of the original spore ; the latter has grown in the meantime into a large round or elongated vesicle at the expense of the Euglena, which have been exhausted by the rhizoids. When it has reached a certain size, varying according to the food which has been sujDplied to it_, it shows itself in many specimens to be a sporangium, or if the term is pre- ferred, a 'prosi^orangium. It grows out at one spot into a bluntly and irregularly cylindrical thick tube with a delicate membrane, into which the whole of tlie protoplasm jDasses, and is at once divided into swarm- spores (C). This process of development may be repeated for many generations, and leads to an immense multiplication of individuals if there is a sufficient number of Euglenee within reach. When this has taken place, the course of events changes. The young plants remain for the most part small, and become gametes which conjugate in pairs, each pair forming a zygospore, and these behave as resting- spores. The two conjugating gametes of a pair (D) have no definite position or distance with respect to one another, and are similar in form to the non- onjugating plants. The one (6), which from the Class ijicatioii . 149 processes to be described may be termed tlie suiiphj- ing gamete (abgebende Gamete), lias usually a round and larger body, but shows no otlier apparent differ- ence before contact with the other {a), the receptive gamete (aufnehmende Gamete). The latter usually continues to be smaller, and often very small, and puts out rhizoid branches, and if one of these, after longer or shorter growth, encounters a supplying g-amete it applies its extremity to it as a conjugating tube (s), and increases in thickness, while it ceases to grow in length. The mem.brane between the con- jugating tube and the supplying gamete disappears at the point of attachment, and an open communica- tion between them being thus established, the whole of the united protoplasm of both gametes passes into an enlargement of the conjugation-tube, close to the point of attachment ; the swelling gradually expands into a spherical vesicle, and, being delimited by a membrane after receiving the protoplasm, becomes a thick-walled zygospore (E, s). The outer wall of the zygospore assumes a pale yellow colour, and in some cases continues smooth, in others is covered with short spikes, which begin to form at the same time as the enlargement in the tube. The whole process of forming a zygospore, from the attachment of the conjugating-tube and the maturation of the zygospore, was completed, in the case observed by Nowakowski, in about 6 — 7 hours. A few instances are known of the conjugation of 2 — 3 receptive with one supplying gamete, and of the consequent formation of 2 — 8 zygospores. The zygospore, as has been already said, is a resting-spore. It germinates when its I 50 Bi'itish Fitngi, resting time is over and produces a zoosporangium like the non-conjugating plants, (figs. 78 — 82). '' PolypLagus, tlierefore, is essentially characterized by the gametes with their rhizoids, the mode of forming the zygospores, and the production of the zoosporangium or of swarm-cells from it. It may be assumed to be possible for these swarm-cells to develop directly into gametes ; but an indefinite number of generations of non-conjugating plants are in fact interposed between two successive gamete- generations. The gametes in each pair behave diffe- rently in conjugation^ as has been shown, and the species is dioecious. Which of the two should be called the male and which the female is not easy to determine, and must not be further discussed in this place. It is evident that we have before us an inter- mediate case between the ordinary forms of oogamous [= gametes of equal form and size] and isogamous [= gametes of unequal size] conjugation.^' Chytridie^. Hyphse often absent or obsolete, hence the sporangia are often destitute of mycelium, at least very soon after their formation j asexual reproduction by zoogonidia which are produced simultaneously by the partition of the protoplasm contained in the zoo- sporangia; after escaping from the zoosporangia, the zoogonidia become encysted and form resting-spores ; single vegetative cells or pairs that conjugate also in some cases become transformed into resting-spores. Either aerial fungi parasitic on plants, rarely sapro- phytic, or aquatic and parasitic on algse^ fungi and infusoria. Classification, \ 5 1 Analysis of the Genera. A. Parasitic in Phanerogams. Synchytrium. Resting-spores formed in the epider- mal cells. B. Parasites or saprophytes on algge^ ^^ngi^ or dead animals, generally aquatic. Rhizidium. ConsistiDg of two superposed cells, the lower producing rhizoids. Polypliagus. Parasitic on Eiiglense. Beessia. Zoogonidia conjugating in pairs and form- ing resting-spores. Chytridium. Consisting of a single cell, the sporangium, which is furnished with an elongated operculate beak at the apex through which the zoo- gonidia escape, and with rhizoids at the base. In the cells of fresh-water algse. Olpidium. Consisting of a single cell, the sporan- gium, furnished with a lengthened beak through which the zoogonidia escape, rhizoids absent. Synchytrium, De Bary and Woronin. Minute unicellular fungi, entirely destitute of mycelium, inhabiting the epidermal cells of living plants ; reproduction by zocgonidia produced in resting-spores or sori ; no sexual mode of reproduction known. De Bary and Woronin, Ber. Nat. Ges. Frieb. iii. H. ii. S. 22 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. pt. i. p. 288. A geous remarkable for the total absence of mycelium. A zoogonidium penetrates an epidermal cell of the host plant, where the protoplasm increases considerably in size, causing the epidermal cell also to increase in size and project above the surface like a IS2 British Fttnoi, 'i> small gland. In many cases the neighbouring cells also increase in number and form a gall-like body, usually accompanied by discoloration of the tissues and formation of bright tints. The protoplasm of the parasite eventually becomes surrounded by a firm wall and forms a resting-spore. Germination of the rest- iug-spores takes place by two distinct methods : the endospore with its contents escapes through a rapture of the epispore, remaining attached to the latter at one point, the protoplasm then breaks up into a number of closely packed cells or zoosporangia (the whole structure is known as a sorus) ; or secondly, the contents of the resting-spore breaks up into zoosporangia before escaping from the epispore. In the above cases resting-spores alone are formed^ and all such species having resting-spores only are placed by De Bary in the subgenus Pycnochytrium. Tn the subgenus Eusyncliytriwn^ in addition to the rest- ing-spores desciibed above, summer sori are pro- duced which originate like the sori in Pycnochy- triunij but form zoosporangia at once, and these summer sori are produced in succession throughout the summer; in the autumn resting-spores are produced. Subgenus Pycnochytrium. Eesting-spores alone present. Syncliytrium anemones, Woronin. Spots minute, reddish or violet, galls hemispherical, violet, then blackish, depressed when dry ; resting- spores solitary, rarely two in a cell, spherical or broadly elliptical, brown, asperate, 75-150 ^ diameter. Syncliytrium anemojiefi, Woronin, Bot. Ztg. xxvi. p. 101, pi. 3, figs. 31—36 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 988. Classification. 15 '> On petioles, leaves, peduncles and even petals of Anemone nemorosa and A. pulsatilla. Not uncommon. Generally most abundant along the nerves of the leaves, and its presence indicated to the naked eye by the scattered or clustered minute violet spots. Synchytrium mercurialis, Fckl. Galls hemispherical, vertically depressed, with a snow-white central papilla; resting-spores brown, echinulate, 30-40 /tt diameter ; sori oblong, grey^ generally in pairs. Syncltytrium mercurialis^ Fuckel, Symb. Myc. p. 74 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 989. On leaves and peduncles of Mercurialis per ennis and (Enothera biennis. Not uncommon. The galls are usually gregarious along the lines of the veins, and are of a greenish colour. Syachyfrium aureum, Schroet. Galls cylindrical ; often constricted in the middle, seated on golden-yellow spots which are often bordered with red ; resting-spores globose, generally solitary, epispore chestnut colour, smooth, 150-250 fi diameter, filled with golden-yellow protoplasm. Synchytrium aureum, Schroeter, Beitr. zur Biol. i. pt. i. p. 40, pi. 3, ff. 8—12; Sacc. Syll. vii. 998. On leaves of Lysimachia nummularia, Sanguisorha officinalisj Prunella vulgaris, and Valerianella dioica. Rare. Subgenus Eusyncliytrium. Resting-spores and summer sori formed. * Synchytrium taraxaci, De Bary. Spots crust-like, confluent, orange-red, galls small, 154 British Fungi. flattened, scarcely projecting above the surface of tbe leaf; resting-spores globose^ brown, smooth, 50-80 i^ diameter ; sori globose or elliptical. Synchytrium taraxaci, De Bary et Wor. ; Beitr. Kennt. Chytrid. 1863 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 999. Forming orange-red or blood-red crust-like expan- sions on the leaves and involncral bracts of various composite plants. The galls are flattened and pro- ject very slightly above the surface of the leaf. Not uncommon. Synchytrium steUaria, Fckl. Galls hemispherical, scattered or aggregated in broad crust-like patches ; resting-spores solitary or in pairs in cells of the matrix, globose, protoplasm reddish, epispore chestnut colour, thick, smooth, 50-150 /jl diameter, generally about 75 /jl. Synchytrium stellariae, Fuckel, Symb. Myc. p. 189 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 1001. On stems, leaves, and sepals of SteUaria media. The warts are usually confluent, forming broadly expanded crust-like patches devoid of any special colour. Bare. Rhizidium, A. Braun. Sporangia sessile on the host, composed of two superposed cells, the inferior cell sterile, giving origin to rhizoids that penetrate the host ; upper cell fertile, becoming transformed into a zoosporangium or a thick- walled resting-spore, which after a lengthened period of rest germinates and produces a thin-walled cell containing zoogonidia. lihiziditun, A. Braun, Ueber Chytrid. 1856; Sacc- Syll. vii. 1, p. 296. Classification, 155 Distingnished by the two superposed cells, the lower sterile and producing rhizoids, the upper fertile. Rhizidmm intestinum, Schenck. Zoo sporangium globose, 35-40 yu, diameter, either external or immersed in the matrix, in the latter case a beak is develop ed which pierces the cell-wall of the host and through which the zoogonldia escape, zoo- gonidia subglobose, with one long cilium; basal cell small, 5-7 ^ diameter, either superficial or immersed in the host, furnished with a few elongated rhizoids, 2-3 /^ thick. Rhizidium intestinum, Schenck, Ueb. Vork. Zell. pi. Zopf. zur Kennt. Phycom. p. 51, t, 8, figs. 1 — 15; iSacc. Syll. vii. 1, n. 1024. On species of Chara and Nitella. Rare. Bhizidium Westii, Mass. (n. sp.) (figs. 36, 37). Zoosporangium spherico-depressed, superficial, 20- 25 //< diameter, sterile basal cell immersed in the host, subglobose, 6-10 yu, diameter, furnished at the base with a few slender, branched rhizoids; zoo- gonidia broadly pyriform, 4x3 /jl, furnished at the thin end with a very slender cilium, 20-25 filong. Gregarious on Spirogyra nitida and Cladoplwra gloTiierata. Not uncommon. When parasitic on a thin- walled host, as Spirorjijra, the zoosporangium is sessile on the lower sterile cell, but when parasitic on Cladopliora, where the cell-wall is thick and laminated, the sterile cell is situated within the innermost layer of the wall, and at the period of reproduction emits from its apex a thin 156 B^Hiish Ficngi. beak wliicli pierces tlie cell-wall, and expands into the zoo2ronidium at tlie surface. The zooo'onidiuni is not separated from the basal cell by a septum, but a constriction occurs at this point, or properly speaking, tlie reproductive cell develops by a process of bndding from the lower vegetative or sterile cell. The rhizoids extend into the cell cavity. I first became acquainted with the present species in a preparation of Spirogyra nitida sent years ago by my friend Mr. W. West of Bradford, but at the time did not know what it was. Polyphagus, Nowak. Spherical cells formed by the germination of zoosporangia produce numerous rhizoids that become immersed in the substratum, these cells eventually become transformed into zoosporangia ; sexually pro- duced by the conjugation of two cells which produce a zygospore that is also a resfcing-spore, and which, after a period of rest, gives origin to zoogonidia similar to those contained in the asexually formed sporangia. Polyphagus, I^owakowski, Beitr. Kennt. Chytr. 1876; Sacc. Syll. vii. 1, p. 302. Polyphagus euglense, Schroet. (figs. 78 — 82). Cellules of variable size, globose, ellipsoid, or curved, when globose reaching to S7 fi diameter, when elongated, up to 200 fz long, filled with hyaline pro- toplasm, rhizoids penetrating the substratum, and forming haustoria 6 fi thick; zoosporangia ovoid, ellipsoid, or elongato-utriculiform, very variable in size, protoplasm all breaking up into zoogonidia of a Classification, 157 cyliudrical form and rounded at both ends, 6-13 x 3-5 /x, with a single cilium, protoplasm with oil drops ; zygospores formed by the conjugation of two cells, globose or ellipsoid, 20-30 /x diameter, epispore thick, yellow brown, smooth or minutely aculeolate; on germination these resting-spores produce zoo- gonidia. Foliji^liagus euglense, Schroeter, Kryht, Fl. Schles. p, 196 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 1, no. 1050. Chytridium euglense, Bail. Mykol. Bericht, 1885 Parasitic in Euglena viridis. Rare. Reessia, Fisch. Zoosporangia furnished with a long beak, situated within the cells of the host ; zoogonidia conjugating in pairs and forming restiug-spores which on germination produce zoospores. Beessia, Fischer, Beitr. Kennt. Chytrid.; Sacc. Syll. vii. 1, p. 304. Distinguished from Chyfridium by the entire absence of rhizoids springing from the zoosporangia. Closely allied to Ol^ndium, if indeed generically dis- tinct. I Beessia amsehoidea^ Fisch. Zoosporangia globose, 25-30 fi diametei, beak 10- 15 /x long, protruding from the cell of the host- plant in which the zoosporangium is situated; zoogonidia broadly pyriform, uniciliate, conjugating in pairs and becoming encysted to form a resting- spore; resting-spores globose, brownish, 12-15 /j, diameter. 158 British Fungi. Reessia amsehoidea, Fischer^ Beitr. Kennt. Cbvtrld ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 1, 11. 1057. In the cells of living plants of Lemna minor and L. polyj'rhiza. Rare. A miuute fungus met witli in the cells of living fronds of Lemna, and referred with a certain amount of d'jubt to the above species. Chytridium, A. Bmun. Zoosporangia formed in the cells of the matrix, furnished with simple or branched rbizoid-like branches of mycelium which spring from the base or from various points of the surface, and separated from the cavity of the sporangium by septa^ zoospores uni- ciliate, escaping through a pore at the apex of a lengthened beak ; resting-spores furnished with a double membrane, formed within the cells of the host. Chytridium, A. Braun, Betractung. Ersch. Yerjung. Nat. 1850; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 304; Dangeard, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. vii. vol. iv. p. 293. Distinguished from Syncliytriiim by the presence of mycelium attached to the zoosporangia. Chytridium helioformis. Dang, Zoosporangia globose, 10-14 /x diameter, furnished with a long beak; rhizoids five or six in number, simple or slightly branched, springing from basal portion ; zoospores globose, about 3 /j, diameter ; resting-spores spherical, 14-18 //, diameter. Chytridium helioformis, Dangeard, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. vii. vol. vi. p. 293 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 1079. Classification . 159 In the interior of species of Chara, Nitella, ani Vaucheria. The long beak to the zoosporangium suggests the genus Olpiclium, which, however, differs in the total abyence of rhizoids. Olpidium, A. Br. Zoosporaugia globose or elliptical, parasitic in the interior of cells of the hose without a trace of mycelium, furnished with one or more beaks through which the zoospores escape ; resting-spores with a thick, smooth membrane. Olpidium, A. Braun, Ueber Chytrid. in Monatsber. Kon. Preuss. Akad. der Wiss. 1855 ; Dangeard, Ann. Soi. Nat. ser. vh. vol. iv. p. 284 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. p. 810. The total absence of rooting mycelium and presence of a beak to the zoosporangia are the principal dis- tinctive features of the present genus. Olpidium lernn^, Schroet. Zoosporangia globose, usually solitary in the cells of the host, furnished with a lengthened cylindrical beak, 12-18 fM diameter; resting-spores globose, wall thick, smooth, almost colourless, 12-20 /jl diameter. Olpidium lemnm, Schroet. Fl. Schles. p. 181 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 1091. In epidermal cells of Lemna minor. Probably not uncommon. MYCOMYCETES. The Mijcom)jcetes, or higher non-sexual fungi of Brefeld, are connected with the Fliijcomycetes, or lower. i6o British Funo;i. algal-like, sexual fungi, by tlie Protoraycetai and the TJstilaginese. According to Brefeld the Protomi/cfe% are genetically related to the Mucorini, the kiuship being indicated by the homology presented between the asexual mode of reproduction in the two families; in the Mucorini the sexual mode of reproduction is by conjugation, the asexual mode by the production of sporangia containiug gonidia. In the Protomycetse the sexual mode of reproduction is entirely suppressed, and the asexual method agrees with that of the Mucorini in being a sporangium containing a number of gonidia, hence we may consider the Protomycetse as a side branch of the Mucorini characterized by the total arrest of the sexual mode of reproduction, and shadow- ing in the evolution of an enormous assemblage of fungi characterized by produciug the spores in asci or modified sporangia, and known collectively as the Ascomycetes. The TsHlaginese in like manner are genetically allied to the CJicetocladiacese: In the latter family the sexual form of reproduction is by zygospores ; in the asexual form the slender gonidiophore is repeatedly branched towards the apex, the lateral branchlets of the last order swell into irregularly capitate, basidia- like bodies with 8 — 20 short, slender sterigmata, each producing a spore at its apex. In the Ustilaginese, as in the Protomycetse, the sexual condition is entirely arrested, and the asexual mode of reproduction is mostly confined to the formation of thick-walled resting-spores or chlamydosjjores, produced singly or in clusters on slender branches which are considered as incipieut basidia, hence the Vstilaginese are con- Classification, 1 6 1 sidered as imperfectly developed Basidio7nycetes in which, the characteristic features of the group, basidia, are not yet differentiated, and the stipes and pileus not yet shadowed in. Protomycete^. The mycelium is for the most part intracellular in the tissues of phanerogams, vaguely branched, trans- versely septate, and produces numerous intercalary, thick-walled resting-spores or chlamydospores, after which it disappears. Gonidia are unknown. The resting-spores are globose or broadly elliptical, in ger- mination the thin endospore escapes entire through a rupture in the thick wall of the resting-spore as a sporangium filled with numerous, minute, cylindrical, motionless spores which conjugate in pairs either as they leave the sporangium, or by coming in contact in water. After conjugation the spores germinate by the emission of a slender germ-tube, which enters the tissues of the host plant, and at once produces a mycelium which gives origin to resting-spores. The masses of resting-spores often form hard, tubercular swellings on the host. Protomyces, linger. Parasitic in the subepidermal tissues of living plants, usually forming coloured spots or patches, resting-spores terminal or intercalary, wall thick, usually consisting of two distinct layers, hyaline or coloured. Protomyces, Unger, Exanth. p. 341 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 300; Sacc. Syll. vii. pt. i. p^ 319. M 1 62 British Funo;i, ' Forming elongated or broadly effused patches of a dark purple colour on the leaves ; resting-spores solitary^ rarely two^ globose or broadly obovate, often with a short persistent portion of the my- celium, epispore bright brown^ of two distinct layers, minutely warted, 25-28 /i in diameter or 22-28 /jl. In the cotyledons and young leaves of the sunJBower and of garden specimens of Smilacina. Rare. The blotches in some instances cover nearly the whole of the leaf, and are of a deep purple, or in some instances almost black. Distinguished by the warted resting-spores. USTILAGINE^. The members of the Lstilaginede are minute parasitic fungi, mostly met with in the tissues of flowering plants. Their mycelium is very delicate, Class ifi cation . 165 colourlesSj and septate, frequently present in every part of tlie host, occupying the intercellular spaces and ramifying between the cells, or in some cases piercing the walls and entering the cells. Haustoria are produced by the mycelium of some species. The resting-spores, or teleatospores as they are sometimes called, are either formed from the ordinary mycelium or from specialized branches, and are either naked or enclosed in a special closed receptacle. In the genus Entyloma spores are produced from all parts of the vegetative mycelium ; the first indication of spore- formation is the presence of spherical swellings which increase in size for some time, and may be terminal or intercalary ; from the protoplasm contained in these swellings the spores are diiferentiated, and form their own cell-wall while yet enclosed within the wall of the hypha. The spores are usually produced in a concatenate manner, and remain in the tissues of the host, not becoming dry and powdery at maturity. In some species the wall has an outer gelatinous layer formed by the wall of the mother hypha, which is persistent on the true wall of the spore. In the genus Ustilago the spores are produced by special branches, sporogenous ]iy_phw, which are very much branched and produced in great numbers at definite spots in the tissues of the host. These special spore- producing hypha3 become cut up into isodiametric portions by transverse septa, at the same time the walls swell strongly and form a gelatinous membrane enclosing the protoplasm, which develops into a spore with its own cell-wall while yet enclosed in the gellified wall of the hypha, which eventually dis- i66 British Fimo^i. 'i> appears and the mature spores form a drj^ powdery mass. In the genera Urocystis, Tuhurcinia, and Sorosporium the spores are compacted into per- manent clusters, and surrounded by a special envelope which either soon disappears, or persists as a protec- tive coat until the spores germinate. In Urocystis this envelope consists of sterile cells which surround the central cluster of spores. In Doassansia the clusters of spores are enclosed in receptacles consist- ing of closely compacted, dark coloured, sterile cells arranged in a single layer like the palisade cells of a leaf. De Bary has shown that in Sphacelotheca hydro piper is, which infests the ovules of Polygonum hydropiper, the sporophore is still more complex, being furnished with a thick outer wall, and a central axis or columella, the spores being formed in the space between the two. The spores at maturity are generally some shade of brown^ and often opaque, and the epispore in many species is ornamented with warts, spines, or ridges which are often combined to form a network. The spores described above are resting-spores, but gonidia are also produced by some species. The details of germination of the resting- spores furnish important systematic characters, and will be described under the several generic diagnoses ; in the present place it is sufficient to state that the first product of germination is a short germ-tube, the jjro mycelium, which soon gives origin to small spore- like bodies called primary sporidia. A very remark- able feature about these primary sporidia is that they almost invariably conjugate in pairs ; that is, ad- jacent pairs become organically united by a short tube Classification. 167 growing from one and becoming blended witli tlie other^ thus placing tlie protoplasm of the two sporidia in direct communication. In some instances conju- gation takes place before the primary sporidia break away from the promycelium. After conjugation a slender germ-tube is formed which receives all the protoplasm from the two united sporidia, and if developed upon the proper host plant, penetrates into its tissues and forms a mycelium which in turn produces a new crop of resting-spores. In some species the process is more complicated; the germ- tubes produced by the primary sporidia after con- jugation, give origin to a second set of sporidia, secondary sporidia^ these in turn produce germ-tubes capable of penetrating the tissues of the host, and giving origin to resting-spores. The above mode of development takes place when the resting-spores germinate in pure water, but when germination takes place in a nutrient solution Brefeld has shown that the results are quite different ; instead of a short promycelium producing secondary sporidia that con- jugate at once, the promycelium continues to grow into a dense branched mycelium which eventually produces sporidia, either in the liquid or on branches that rise into the air ; or the promycelium contmues to develop, like the sprouting fungi, by gemmation or the production of numerous, minute, elliptical cells which become detached as in the genus Saccharomyces, The sporidia produced in a nutrient solution do not conjugate. De Bary considers the conjugation of primary sporidia produced under normal conditions, that is in water, as a sexual act, a view opposed by 1 68 British FunH. Brefeld, wlio considers tlie pairing of tlie primary sporidia as analogous to tlie blending of distinct branches of mycelium already described as taking place in the mycelium of BoinjiU and other fungi, and as not being of a sexual nature. The special parts in which spores are formed is constant in each species, in most instances some por- tion of the flower, more especially the ovary is the portion where the reproductive organs of the fungus are developed, the spores at maturity forming a black soot-like mass, as in wheat, oats, barley, and other grasses, and popularly known as '^ smut/' '^ brand,'^ &c. In other species the sori, or heaps of spores, are con- stantly formed in the tissues of the leaves or stem, becoming exposed by the rupture of the cuticle at maturity. In the classification of Fries the UstUagineds were included along with the Uredlnew under the division Hypodermii, on account of resemblances in habitat and appearance in the mature condition. This arrangement was shown by De Bary ^ to be erroneous. True rej^roductive organs are so greatly suppressed, and never of functional value in the JJstilaginese that the species are conspicuous owing to the excessive development of resting-spores, or clilamy do spores as they are called by Brefeld, and the sporophores supporting the terminal resting-spores va.Bntyloma2,iidi TiUetia closely resemble basidia, and hence show a transition to the Basidiomycetes. According to Ed. Fischer* the genus Graphiola be- longs to the TJstilar/iness. If this idea is corroborated, * Brandpilze, p. 28 (1853). ^ Beitr. z. Kennin. d. Gattung Graphiola, Bot. Ztg., 1883. Classification . 169 we liave in tlie present group a greater differentiation of tlie sporophore than that met with in the genus B'^hacelotheca, and accompanied by a special arrange- ment for spore dissemination. Finally, Professor Mar- shall Ward has shown that ^ Schinzia leguminosarum^ Franks which forms hard, irregular swellings on the roots of various leguminous plants, is allied to the TIstilagiuGse. USTILAGINE^. Fungi for the most part parasitic in the aerial por- tions of living plants ; mycelium usually widely extended in the host but soon disappearing ; resting- spores produced within the hyphal filaments which often become gelatinous and deliquescent; gonidial modes of reproduction are present in some few species ; the resting-spores on germination produce a slender continuous or sparsely septate promycelium which bears primary sporidia at the apex or laterally, the sporidia often conjugate in pairs and afterwards germinate, the germ-tube either directly penetrating the host, or producing secondary sporidia which infect the host plant. In nutritive solutions the resting- spores often produce yeast-like cells in great numbers. Analysis of the Genera, I. Resting-spores solitary. Resting-spores not aggregated in clusters. A. Sori not covered with an involucre formed of hyphse. t Sporidia generally produced laterally on the promycelium, rarely at the apex. fi Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc, 1887, p. §39. 170 British Fungi, Ustilago. Sori pulverulent at maturity. ft Sporidia numerous, produced at apex of pro- mycelium. § Sori pulverulent at maturity. Tilletia. Resting-spores with the epispore generally reticulated. §§ Sori not pulverulent at maturity. a. On stems or leaves. Entyloma. Sori pale or brown. Melanotcenium. Sori broadly expanded, black. h. On roots. Entorrhiza. B. Sori covered witli an involucre formed of liyplise. Sphacelotheca. II. Resting-spores aggregated in clusters. A. All the spores in a cluster of uniform size. t Sporidia mostly apical on the septate pro- mycelium ; sori forming brownish spots, generally on leaves. * Sporidia numerous. Doassansia. Sori covered with a continuous layer of sterile cells. Tuhurcmia. Sori not covered with a special layer of sterile cells. ** Sporidia solitary. Tliecapliora. Sori rufescent ; generally in the fruit or seed. ft (Sporidia unknown), promycelium very slender. Sorosporium. Sori black. B. The cells or spores of different sizes, forming clusters. Classification . i ^ i Urocystis. Central resting-spores of a spore-cluster large, tliick-walled, fertile^ peripheral cells smaller, thin- walled, barren. Ustilago, Pers. Vegetative mycelium spreading in the tissues of the host, soon disappearing; sporogenous hyphge branched, resting-spores formed in the interior of much gelatinized, clustered, terminal branches. On germination the resting-spores give origin to a short, septate promycelium which produces minute terminal and lateral primary sporidia. Ustilago, Pers., Sacc. Syll. vii. pt. ii. p. 451 ; Plow. Brit. IJred. and Ustilag. p. 272. Many species form long, brown or blackish streaks on leaves or stems, others develop in anthers which then present a blackened, powdery appearance, others again develop in the ovaries of plants. A. Resting-s]:iores smooth or wartecl. Ustilago longissima, Tul. Forming long, brown, powdery streaks on the leaves ; resting-spores globose or irregularly and broadly elliptical, pale brown, usually with an olive tinge, smooth, 3-4 yu, diameter, or 3-4 x 6-7 /u, ; promycelium fusoid, narrow at the point of origin from the spore, sporidia fusiform. Ustilago longissima^ Tulasne, Mem. sur les Usti- lag. Ann. Sci. Nat. 1847, 76; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. V. figs. 105—107 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. 272 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. n. 1637. Forming thin parallel streaks, often several inches 1/2 British Fttngi. in lengthy on living leaves of Glyceria fluitans, G. aquatica, and PJialaris arundi?iacGa. Common. Ustilago hypodytes, Fr. Produced on the culms, concealed at first by the leaf -sheaths, resting-spores blackish, with an olive tinge in the mass, soon pulverulent, globose, or irregularly angular or elongated, pale brown, smooth, 3-6 fjb diameter, sometimes a few are present much larger than usual. Ustilago hypodytes, Fr. Syst. Myc. iii. p. 518 ; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. v. figs. 100, 101 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 273 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. pt. ii. n. 1641. Originating as long streaks on the culms below the leaf-sheaths which soon become swollen by the mass of spores. On Triticum repens, T. junceum^ Avena flavescens, Elymus arenarius, Bromus erectuSj Phrag- nnites communis ^ Psamma arenaria. Not uncommon. Ustilago segetum, Ditm. Developing in the inflorescence which is soon covered with a powdery, olive-black mass ; resting- spores globose or irregularly angular, pale brown, smooth or obscurely granular, 5-10 /jl diameter. Ustilago segetum, Ditm. in Sturm's Deutschl. Fl. ; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1676; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 273; Cke. Micr. Fung. pi. v. figs. 98, 99. On Festuca piratensis^ Avena flavescens^ A. elatior^ A. sativa, Triticum vulgare, Aira csesjpitosay Sordeuin vulgare, H. murinum, H. distichum, Lolium jjcrenne. Not uncommon. Classification, 173 Ustilago grandis, Fr. Appearing as long streaks on tlie culms beneatli the leaf-sheaths, soon becoming black and powdery ; resting-spores globose^ angular, or elongated, pale brown, smooth, 6-8 or 8-14 x 6-9 /x; promycelium cylindrical, narrow at the point of attachment to the spore 2 — septate, sporidia terminal and lateral, sub- fusiform. Ustilago grandis, Fr. Syst. Myc. iii. p. 518; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1642 ; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. vi. figs. 128, 129; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 275. On Phragmites communis, Tijpha latifolia, 'T, minor. Not uncommon. Ustilago grammica, B. and Br. (figs. 96, 97). Forming equidistant, encircling black bands from 2 — 3 mm. long on the culms, resting-spores globose or subangular, pale brown, smooth, 2*5-3 /j, dia- meter. Ustilago grammica, B. and Br. Ann. Nat. Hist. n. 483; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. vi. figs. 120, 121; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 275; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1638. (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew.) On culms of Glyceria fluitans, G. aquatica. Air a ccespitosa. Remarkable in its habit of growing in bands round the culm, the bands are composed of distinct parallel streaks. Rare. Ustilago marina, Durieu. Forming irregular, wart-like excrescences on the 174 British Fttngi, roots of the liost ; resting-spores brown, very variable in form, globose or irregularly elongated, 10-13 //, or 14-17 X 10 yu. TlstUago marina, Durieu, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1866; Grevillea, v. 14, p. 90 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 275 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. pt. ii. n. 1751. On the roots of Scirpus parvulus. Does not appear to be a typical Ustilag o. Hare. Ustilago hypogea^ Tul. Forming hard, blackish, crust-like patches on the root ; resting-spores globose, angular, or broadly elliptical, dark brown, smooth, 17-20 or 20-24 x 14-18 Ustilago hyyogea, Tulasne, Fung. Hypogsei, p. 196 ; G-rev. V. xiii. p. 52 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 276 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1752. On root of Linaria spuria. Rare. Ustilago caricis, Fckl. Forming hard, globose, black lumps within the glumes; resting-spores opaque, brown, very irregular, globose, angular, or broadly elliptical, minutely granu- lar, 12-17 or 12-30 x 8-15^. Ustilago caricis, Fuckel, Symb. Myc. p. 39 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1685; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. v. figs. 96, 97 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 276. In the inflorescence of many species of Car ex and Rlujiicospora alha. Not uncommon. Ustilago bistort arurn, Korn. Forming large, wart-like lumps on the leaves, seated on discoloured spots, soon bursting, and then violet- Classification, 175 black; resting-spores globose or broadly elliptical, pale brown, minutely warted, 14-20 or 17-20 x 10-14 Ustilago histortarum, Korn. Hedw. 1877, p. 88 Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 277; Sacc. Syll. vii. 2, n. 1710. On living leaves of Polygonum historta and Bumex ohtusifolius . Rare. Ustilago olivacea, Tul. Appearing in the inflorescence, becoming pulveru- lent, dark brown with olive tinge ; resting-spores very variable in form and size, globose, angularly globose, broadly elliptical or elongated, pale brownish-olive, smooth, or sometimes minutely granular, the spherical spores measure about 5-6 /j, diameter, the elongated forms reach to 16x6 yu,; promycelium minute, fusoid, aseptate. Ustilago olivacea, Tulasne, . Ann. Sci. Nat. p. 88 (1847); Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1682 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 277; Cke. Hdbk. p. 513; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. vi. figs. 126, 127. In the inflorescence of Carex riparia. Not un- common. Ustilago hromivora, Fisch. de Waldh. Produced in the inflorescence, soon becoming pulverulent, black ; resting-spores globose, broadly elliptical, or angularly globose, dark brown, epispore very minutely granular, 8-14 x 6-10 fi ; promy- celium short, 1 -septate, sporidia terminal or lateral, fusoid. Ustilago hromivora, Fischer de Waldheim, Aperyu, 176 British Fungi. 22; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 278; Sacc. Sjll. vii. ii. 11. 1677; Cke Micr. Fung. ed. 4, p. 230. In tlie inflorescence of Bromus mollis, B. maximusy B. secalinuSj B. madritensis. Xot uncommon. Ustilago maydis, Corda. Produced in the female inflorescence and on tlie leaves and stem, soon becoming dusty, brown with, a tinge of olive in the mass; resting-spores globose, broadly elliptical, or sometimes elongated, pale, clear brown, epispore thickly covered with minute, pointed warts, 10-12 or 8-13 x 6-10 fu. ; promycelium fili- form, cylindrical, septate, sporidia fusoid, springing from the apex and laterally; in a nutritive solution the budding spores are large, elongato-fusiform, 13-36 X 3-5 /jl. Ustilago maydis, Corda, Icones, vol. v. p. 3 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1723 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 278; Cke. Hdbk. p. 513; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. v. , f. 108. On Indian corn (Zea mays) . Rare in this country, but too abundant where maize is extensively culti- vated. Lstilago vinosa, Tul. Produced in the ovary and filling the fi'uit with a black powdery mass; resting-spores globose or broadly elliptical, very pale violet or sometimes colourless, epispore coarsely warted, 8-10, or 10-12 X 7-9 /x. Classification, 177 Ustilago vinosa, Tulasne, Mem. sur les Ustilag. p. 96 ; Berk, ms., Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1711 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 278 ; Cke. Hdbk. p. 514 ; Cke. Micr. Fung. ed. 4, p. 230. (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 4722.) In the fruit of Oxyria reniformis. Rare. The infected fruit is much larger than the normal form, of a bright chestnut colour, and remains closed for a long time, when crushed, the profuse powdery mass of resting-spores resembles soot on the fingers. Germination unknown. Ustilago salveii, B. and Br. (fig. 85). Sori forming long streaks on the leaves, at first covered by the epidermis, then pulverulent, brown ; resting-spores globose, pale brown, covered with rather large, distant, hemispherical warts, 9-14 /u diameter ; germination unknown. Ustilago salveii, B. and Br. Ann. Nat. Hist. no. 482; Cke. Hdbk. p. 514; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. vi. figs. 117—119. Tilletia striiformis, Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. no. 1774 (in part) ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and CTstilag. p. 284 (in part) . (Type specimen in Herb. Berk., Kew, n. 4738.) On leaves of grass. Rare. The present species has been referred to Tilletia striiformis, Magnus, by various authors, but an exa- mination of the type specimen shows it to be quite distinct ; it is^ however, morphologically closely allied to Ustilago macrospora. The generic position is N 178 British Fitngi. imcertain, owing to absence of information respecting germination. B. Restinrj- spores reticulated. Ustilago scahiosse, Wint. Produced in the anthers and soon covering the whole inflorescence with a powdery mass varying from pale pink, through brownish lilac to violet ; resting- spores globose, angularly globose, or broadly ellip- tical, almost colourless, epispore furnished with thin, slightly raised ridges combined to form a fine-meshed network, 10-13, or 8-10 x 10-15 fi, sometimes much larger, reaching to 17-20 fjb long; promycelium cylindrical, usually 3-septate, sporidia elliptical, produced, apically and laterally. Ustilago scahiosse, Winter, Die Pilze, p. 99 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1733; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 279. Farinaria scahiosse, Sow. Eng. Fung. t. 396, f. 2. Ustilago flosculorum, Tulasne, Cke. Hdbk. p. 515; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. vi. figs. 123—125. Uredo flosciilorum, Winter, Die Pilze, p. 99 ; Plow- Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 279. Ustilago scahiosse^ Winter, Sacc. Syll. vii. i. n. 1733. Ustilago succisae, Cke. Micr. Fung. ed. 4, p. 230. On the anthers of Scahiosa arvensis, 8. columharia, S, succisa. Not uncommon. Ustilago utriculosa, Tul. Formed in the flowers which become in conse- quence much distended, at length powdery, violet- black; resting- spores globose, violet, translucent, Classification. 179 epispore with tliin ridges 2*5-3 /u, high, combined to form an irregularly polygonal network, meshes 9-12 yu diameter; promycelium cylindrical, o-septate sporidia elliptical, produced laterally. Ustilago utriculosa^ Tulasne, Mem. sur les Ustilag. p. 102, t. iv. figs. 2—6; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1737; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 280 ; Cke. Hdbk. p. 514 ; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. vi. figs. 112 — 11(3. On Polyrjonuin lapathifolium, P. pevsicariaj P. hych'opiper, P. aviculare, P. convolvulus. Not un- common. Ustilago violacea, Fuckel. Produced in the anthers, soon becoming powdery, blackish-violet ; resting-spores subglobose, lilac, epi- spore with ridges about 2 /jl high, combined to form an irregular network with meshes 6-9 fju across; promycelium fusiform, generally 3-septate, sporidia elliptical, produced at the apex and laterally. Ustilago violacea, Fuckel, Symb. Myc. p. 39 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1731 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 280. Ustilago antherarum, Cke. Hdbk. p. 515 ; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. v. figs. 102—104. On Silene inflata, 8, nutans, 8. maritima, 8aponaria officinalis, Cerastium viscosum, Pinguicula alpina, 8tellaria graminea, 8. Holostea, Lychnis diurna, L. vespevtina, L. flos-cuculi Common. Ustilago major, Schroet. Produced in the anthers, becoming pulverulent, violet-black ; resting-spores globose or elongated, violet, epispore with ridges about 1 ^l high, com- N 2 i8o British FtmH. globose, 40-50 fjb diameter; central fertile spores with the outer free portion of each convex, the con- tiguous surfaces flattened, brown, 3-6 ii diameter; peripheral sterile cells very numerous, regularly arranged, pellucid, pale brown. Urocystis gladioli, W. G. Smith, Gard. Chron. 1876, p. 420; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1900; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 287; Cke. Micr. Fung, ed. 4, p. 232. On the corms and stems of Gladiolus communis and G. imhricatis in gardens. Not uncommon during certain seasons. Urocystis anemones, Schroet. ■ Sori large, convex, circular or elongated, for some time covered by the epidermis which eventually splits longitudinally, becoming powdery, black ; spore- clusters variable in size and form, 25-30 /jl ; central fertile spores 1 — 3, rarely more, brown, minutely granulose, 16-18 ft diameter; peripheral sterile cells few in number, rarely forming a continuous layer, hemispherico-depressed, pale brown, 8-16 /x dia- meter; sporidia produced at the apex of the pro- mycelium, elliptical or frequently pyriform, 10-14 x 3-3'5 fi. Urocystis anemones, Schroeter, in Bern. u. Beob. Ustilag. in Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 1877, p. 375; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1901 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 288. Urocystis pompliolyyodes, Cke. Hdbk. p. 517 ; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. ix. figs. 183, 184. Forming large blisters on the stem and leaves of Classification . 189 Anemone nemorosa, Banunculus acris, R. repens, R. hulhosus, Hepatica triloba, Ficaria ranunculus, Actsea spicata. Not uncommon. Urocystis violse, Fisclier. Sori black, often in the form of scattered pustules seated on livid patches ; spore-clusters globose or elliptical, 30-50 x 20-45 p.; central fertile spores rarely solitary, up to eight in number, globose or sub- angular, obscure brown, 10-17 /x diameter; peri- pheral sterile cells hemispherical, pale brown, 6-10 /jb diameter ; promycelium short, sporidia usually numerous, cylindrical, produced at the apex of the promycelium. Urocystis violse, Fischer, Aper9u, p. 41 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1905 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 288; Cke. Hdbk. p. 517; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. ix. figs. 185, 186. Granularia viola3, Sow. Eng. Fung. t. 440. On the stems and veins of leaves of Viola odorata, V. liirta, V. sylvatica, V. tricolor. Not uncommon. Urocystis primulicola, Magnus. Produced in the ovary, becoming pulverulent, brownish-black ; spore-clusters spherical or irregular, 21-50 fi diameter; central fertile spores brown, smooth, subangular from mutual pressure, 2 — 6 in number, rarely as many as ten, 9-15 /m diameter ; peripheral sterile cells numerous, thin-walled, pale brown, smooth, 6-8 p. diameter ; promycelium cylindrical, hyaline, sporidia terminal, 1 — 4, ovoid or oblong, frequently pyriform, very shortly pedicellate, 9-18 X 4-9 /x, hyaline. 1 90 British Fungi, Urocystis primulicola, Magnus, Ueber drei neue Pllze Schles. in Sitzungsber. d. Botan. Vereins. des Prov. Brandenburg, B. xx. 1871 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1899; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 289. On Primula far inos a SiTid P. vulgaris. Rare. Entyloma, De Bary. Mycelium intercellular, not becoming gelatinized j resting-spores solitary, terminal or intercalary, often crowded together in sori, but not forming spore- clusters, epispore tbick, often stratose, hyaline or coloured, smooth or ornamented ; promycelium fili- form, primary sporidia acrogenous, elongated, often conjugating in pairs ; in some species gonidia are produced acrogenously on slender gonidiopbores which form indeterminate white tufts on the surface of the host. Entyloma, De Bary, Bot. Ztg. 1874, p. 101; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. p. 487 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 289. Closely allied to Melanotsenium ; the latter differs in the black sori. A. Gonidia formed on the living liost-'plant. Entyloma Fergussoni, Plow. Spots orbicular, 1 — 3 mm. diameter, greyish on the under surface of the leaf owing to the formation of gonidia ; resting-spores globose or angularly globose from mutual pressure, rarely broadly elliptical, epi- spore rather thin, smooth, pale brown, 10-15 /a Classification. ' 191 diameter; gonidia aseptate, cylindrical, 30-45 x 2*5- 3 yb. JEntyloma Fergiissoni, Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 289. Entyloma canescens, Scliroeter, in Colin's Beitr. Biol. (1877), p. 372 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1790. Protomyces Fergussoni, B. and Br. Ann. Nat. Hist, ser. iv. vol. xv. p. 36 (Berkeley's, no. 1473) (1875) ; Grev. vol. xii. p. 99; Cke. Micr. Fung. ed. 4, p. 227. (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew.) On Myosotis sylvaticMy M. paliistris, M. arvensisj M. csespitosa. Probably not uncommon. Entyloma hlcolor, Zopf. Spots yellowisb, rounded or oblong, expanded, 1- 10 mm. or more long, brown or reddish-brown above, grey underneath ; resting-spores spherical, angularly spherical or elliptical, 17-20 fju or 24 x 12-18 fi, epispore gelatinous, colourless, then brown ; gonidia cylindrical, incurved, narrow at the base, apex rounded, continuous or septate, 10-22 x 3 fi, hyaline, produced by slender simple or branched gonidiophores forming* whitish tufts on the under sur- face of the leaf. Eyityloma hicolor, Zopf, in Rab. Fung. Eur. n. 2496; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1792; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 290. On Papaver rhxas and P. duhiiim. Rare. Entyloma rmiunculi, Schroet. (figs. 116, 117). Spots more or less orbicular, variable in size, 1-7 mm. diameter, often several on the same leaf, 192 British Ftmgi wliitisli, then yellow or brownish, at first producing the gonidia ; resting-spores globose, epispore smooth, about 1 /u, thick, pale brown, 11-14 /a diameter; gonidia colourless, continuous, elongato-fusiform or filiform, 30-40 x 2-3 /^. Entyloma ranunculi^ Schroeter, Pilze, Schles. p, 282; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1793; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 290. Fusidium ranunculi, Bon. Hdbk. Myc. p. 43. Glfeosporium ficarise, Cke. Hdbk. p. 475. On Ranunculus repens, R. sceleratuSj Ficaria ra- nunculus. Common, especially on tbe last-named host. Fntyloma Trailii, Mass. Spots on stems (irregularly rounded or oval), or more often on leaves, affecting the segments on all their surfaces, small, nearly white, while gonidia are being formed, but becoming brown and dry ; gonidia (produced freely on gonidiophores pushed out in clusters from th.e stomata) fusiform or filiform, 15- 20 X 1*5-2 /x, pale yellowish, pluriguttulate or faintly 3 — 4 septate ; resting-spores abundantly formed in the tissues of the host, round or polygonal from pressure, 10-12 yL6 in diameter; epispore smooth, about 1'5 fju thick, at first hyaline, becoming brown. Entyloma matricarise, Trail, in Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 291. On Matricaria inodora. Rare. Apparently very closely allied to Fntyloma matri- carise, Rostr. in Thum. Myc. Univ. n. 2223, but the gonidia in the latter are elliptical, and measure 4-6 X 2-2-5 fi. Classification . 193 B. Formation of fjonidia on the lifuig JiOst-idant not observed. Entyloma cliryosplenii, Schroet. Sori formiag spots 2 — 6 mm. broad, at first whitish, then pale yellow; resting-spores globose ov broadly elliptical, 10-12 fi diameter, epispore thin, subhyaline, smooth. Entyloma chrysosplenii, Schroeter, Cohn's Beitr. ii. p. 372; Sacc. Syll. vii. pt. ii. n. 1804; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 291. Protomyces chrysosplenii, B. and Br. Ann. Nat. Hist. (1875), vol. XV. ser. 4, 36; Cke. Micr. Fung, ed. 4, p. 227. On Chrysosplenium oppositifolium. Rare. Entyloma calendulce, De Bary. Sori in rounded spots reaching to 4 mm. diameter, spots at first greenish or whitish, then pale brown ; resting-spores globose or angularly globose, 9-16 p. diameter, epispore thin, smooth, pale yellow-brown ; primary sporidia acicular. Entyloma calendulse, De Bary,Bot. Ztg. 1874, p. 105, t. ii. ff. 14—22 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 292. Protomyces calendula, Oudem. Mat. Fl. Myc. Neerl. ii. p. 42. Protomyces hieracii, Cooke, Grev. v. xii. p. 99. On leaves of Calendula officinalis, Ilieracinm muroruin, H. vulgatum. Rare. Entyloma microsporum, Schroet. Sori scattered or subgregarious, remaining under the cuticle, forming roundish or elongated, hard pustules, spots white, then yellowish or brown ; rest- o 194 British Fungi, ing-sporcs intercellular, often arranged iu series, 15-24 X 12-18 ■ }x, irregularly globose, very pale yellow- brown, epispore o-6 /u, thick, stratose ; primary sporidia cylinJrico-f usoid, conjugating in pairs. Entj/Ioma microsjyontm, Schroeter, Pilza, Scliles. p. 284 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 291 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. il. n. 1810. Protomyces microsporus, Unger, Exanth. p. 343. Eniyloma ungeriaminiy Cooke, Micr. Fung. ed. 4, p. 233'. On liamcncuhis repens, R. Viilhosus, li. acris. Not uncommon. Melanotaeiiium, De Bary. Sori flattened, expanded, black or greyish ; resting- spores solitary, produced within the intercellular hyphge, epispore thick, coloured ; pro mycelium septate, sporidia apical. Melanot8enmm, De Bary, Bot. Ztg\ 1874 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. p. 496 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 292. Melanotsenmm endorjennm, De Bary. Sori flattened, black, covered by indurated epi- dermis; mycelium intercellular, spreading through- out the tissues of the host ; resting-spores globose, angularly globose, or broadly elliptical, smooth, blackish brown, subopaque, 15-22 x 12-20^; pro- mycelium usually with a sterile branch at the base, primary sporidiola cylindrical, conjugating in pairs and germinating at once. Melanot senium endogenum, De Bary, Bot. Ztg. 1874, p. 108; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1825; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 292. Classification. 1 9 ^ ProtomycGS endogemts, linger, Exan. p. 341. ProtomycGS Galii, Rabb. in Fckl. Enum. Funo*. ISTass. n. 1. On Galium ventm. Rare. Myceliutn penetrating tlie whole of the host planfi, intercellular, fnrnished with haastoria. The affected plants are much altered in appearance, the internodes are shorter, leaves crisped, and the bloom usually arrested. Entorrhiza, C. Weber. Mycelium developing within the cells of living plants, resting-spores large, simple, produced at the tips of short, lateral branches, one or several formed in the cells of the host, e^oispore thick ; on germination the resting-spores form one or several slender, septate, simple or sometimes slightly branched promycelium- tubes ; sporidia falcate, formed at the apex of the promycelium, also laterally. Entorrhiza, C. Weber, Bot. Ztg. 1884, p. 369 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. p. 497; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 298. The species of the present genus forrn small tuber- cular swellings in the roots of plants. The slender, curved primary sporidia are characteristic. JEutorrJiiza Aschersoniana, De Toni (figs. 43, 44). In the cells of living roots, resting-spores broadly- elliptical, clear brown, with numerous rather large, irregularly shaped warts on the epispore, 15-17 x 11-15 /x j promycelial tubes 1 — 4, very thin, rarely with one or two short branchlets, septate, primary sporidia slender, cylindric-fusiform, septate, scattered, 2 196 BritisJi FiLugi, springing from tlie apex and laterally, 7-9 x 1-5-2 /x. Eniorvldza Aschersoniay De Toni_, Sacc. Syll. vii. li. 11. 1828. Entorrliiza cypericola, C. Weber, Bot. Ztg. 1884, p. 369, pi. iv. ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 299. Schinzia Ascliersoniana, Magnus, Bericlit. Deutsch. bot. Gessel. vi. 2 1888, p. 103, ff. 3, 4. Forming swellings on tlie roots of Juncus hufonms and '/. lamiyrocarpus. Rare. The species mentioned bj P. Cameron in Proc. and Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Glasgow, new ser. v. ii. 1886, pp. 295-304, is probably Entorrliiza casimryana, De Toni { = Schinzia casjjaryana, Magnus, in Bericlit. Deutscli. Bot. Gessel. vi. 2, 1888, p. 103). Doassansia, Cornu. Spores in dense masses, of equal size, smooth, not forming spore-clusters, produced within a special receptacle formed of closely adnate sterile cells origi- nating from the mycelium ; on germination the resting- spores form a promycelium which bears sporidia at its apex. Doassansia, Cornu, in Ann. Sci. Nat. (Bot.) 1883, p. 285 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. pt. ii. p. 502 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 294. Agreeing with the genus S^ihacelotJieca in having a special receptacle formed of fungous elements, but distinguished by the absence of a columella and the different mode of origin of the primary sporidia. Doassansia alisrnatis, Cornu (figs. 118, 119). Spore-clusters on both surfaces of the leaves. Classijicatio n. 197 r •minutely prominent, brown, up to 300 /u- diameter, globose or elliptical, rarely irregular, numerous, seated on yellowisli spots that are for the most part determinate and orbicular, 4 — 10 mm. long, rarely subconfluent and circinately arranged ; resting-spore.^ globose, broadly elliptical, or angularly globose, 10-14 X 8-11 fXj sometimes larger, epispore tbin, smooth, pale brown ; primary sporidia elongate cylindrical, nume- rous, springing from the apex of the promycelium ; general integament of spore-cluster well developed, cellular, brown. Doassansia alismat is , Cornu, Sur quelques Usti- laginees nouvelles on pen connus, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. vi. vol. xv. (I880) p. 285, t. xvi. ff. 1 — 4; Sacc. Syll. vii. pt. ii. n. 1842; Plow. Brit. Ured. aud Ustilag. p. 294. Entyloma alismaceani'm, Sacc. in Michelia, v. ii. p. 44. In \Q?iYe^ oi Alism a plant ago. Rare. Often found along with Cylindrosporlum alisma- cearuriiy Sacc, with which it is considered to be genetically connected. Doassansia sagittarisey Fischer. Spore-clusters pustulate, on the under surface of the leaves, numerous, sometimes more or less confluent, spots yellowish, centre darker, on both surfaces of the leaf, 5 — 10 mm. across ; spore-clusters globose or irregular, yellow-brown, up to 100 ^^ diameter ; resting-spores globose or angularly globose, epispore rather thick, smooth, yellowish, 9-14 x 9- 12 /a; primary sporidia elongate cylindrical, nume- 198 British Fungi. rons^ produced at the apex of the promycelium ; general investment of spore-clusters well developed_, brown. Boassansia sagittarisef Fischer, in Berichte Deutsch. botan. Gesell. ii. p. 405 (1884) ; Sacc. Sjll. vii. ii. n. 1842; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 295; Cke. Micr. Fung. ed. 4, p. 227. Physoderma sagittarise, Fckl. Fung. Rhen. n. 1519. On Sagittaria sagittifolia. Xot common. Doassansia comari, De Toni and Mass. Sori gregarious or scattered, blackish when dry, 1 — 1*5 mm. diameter; resting-spores broadly elliptical, 10x7 fi, smooth, pale brown with vinous tinge; general integument of spore-clusters well developed, cellular, brown. Doassansia comari, De Toni and Massee, revis. of Boassansia in Journal of Mycology, 1888, p. 18; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1852. Protomyces comari, Berk. Ann. Nat. Hist. n. 1708; Sacc. Syll. vii. i. n. 1 135. On leaves o£ Comarum palustre. Rare. Forming gregarious or scattered, usually elongated pustules on both surfaces of the leaves. Tuburcinia, Fries. Sori black, flattened or slightly bullate, often broadl}^ expanded ; resting-spores of uniform size, aggregated in clusters; germination by the formation of a slender promycelium which forms primary sporidia Classification. 1 99 at the apex ; gonidial condition originating from mycelium in the living host-plant^ white, forming expanded tufts ; gonidia elliptical. Tuhurcinia, Fries, Syst. Myc. iii. p. 430 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. pt. ii. p. 507. T^ihurcinia, Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 293. Resembling Sorosporium in having* the resting- spores of uniform size and structure aggregated in clustei's, but differs in the absence of a gelatinous integument sarrounding the spore- clusters. Tuhurcinia trientalis, B. and Br. (figs. 112 — 115). Sori 3 — 4 mm. broad^ black, bullate, for some time covered by the epidermis ; spore-clusters globose, elliptical, or irregular, composed of from 50 — 100 resting-sporcs, 40-120 /x diameter ; resting-spores globose, elliptical, often irregularly compressed by mutual pressure, 15-32x10-17 /jl, epispore smooth, obscure brown, semipeUucid; primary sporidia numerous, produced at the apex of the promycelium, cylindrical-fusoid, conjugating in pairs towards the base and bearing fusiform, secondary sporidia ; gonidia colourless, elliptical or obpyriform. Tuhurcmia trientnlis, B. and Br. Ann. Nat. Hist. (1S50) n. 488 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. pt. ii. n. 1853. Tuhercinia trientalisj Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 293. AscomycGs trientaUs^ Berk. Outl. p. 376; Cke. Hdbk. p. 516 (gonidial condition). Sorosporium trientcdis, Woronin, Cke. Micr. Fnug. ed. 4, p. 231. On the stem and leaves of Trientalis eiiropsea. Rare. 200 British Fuiwi. 3 ForQiiug crust-like expansions on tlie stem and irregularly rounded spots on tlie leaves ; gonidial condition forming \Yliite, effused patches on the under surface of the leaves^ gonidiopliores slender, erect, originating from mycelium in the tissues of the leaf, and passing into the air either through the stomata or between the epidermal cells. The life history of the present species is worked out and beautifully illustrated by A\"oronin, Beitrag. zur Kenntniss der Ustilagineen. Thecaphora, Fiugerh. Spore-clusters composed of resting-spores of equal size and firmly adherent, difficult to separate without rupturing, free portion of surface convex, lateral contiguous portions flattened; promycelium filiform, sometimes with short lateral branches, primary sporidia fusoid, solitary at apex of promycelium. Tlieccqiliora, Fingerhuth, in Linneea, x. (1835), p. 230 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. pt. ii. p, 507 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 295. Agreeing with Sorosporium in having all the resting-spores of the spore-cluster fertile and of equal size, but in Sorosporium the resting-spores are very numerous, small, and spherical, and easily fall apart, in the present genus the resting-spores are firmly adherent to each other, the surfaces in contact flattened, the free portion convex. Thecaphora hi/alina, Fingerli. (figs. 88, 89, 111). Produced within the seeds of the host, sori pale reddish-brown, coarsely pulverulent ; spore-masses irreo-ularly globose, very variable in size, 25-50 /x Classification . 2 o t diameter^ composed of from 3 — 12 firmly coliering resfcing-spores of a pale browa colour, more or less wedge-shaped, free external portion convex, thickly covered with warts, inner faces flat, smooth, 12-17 /l6 diameter ; promyceliam branched ; sporidiola unknown. Thecaijliora liyalina, Fingerh. in Linnj:ea, x. p. 2o0 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. u. 1855; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 295 ; Cke. Hdbk. p. 515 ; Cke. Micr. Fimg. ed. 4, p. 231. On Convolvulus soldanella, G. septum, C. arvensis. Not common. TliGcaphora Trailli, Cooke (figs. 94, 95). Produced in the inflorescence, becoming coarsely pulverulent ; spore-clusters variable in size, umber- brown, resting-spores subglobose or compressed at the points of contact, epispore with delicate, slightly raised bands anastomosing to form a more or less regular, small-meshed network, 12-16 /j, diameter. Thecaphora Trcdlii, Cooke, Grev. vol. xi. p. 155 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 296 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. pt. ii. n. 1867. On Carditus hcteropliyllus. Rare. The epispore is minutely but very distinctly reti- culated, and not verrucose as described by Cooke. Sorosporium, Pud. Resting-spores of uniform size, small, all fertile, at first in dense spore clusters, but not compact, and soon breaking up, produced by tufts of intertwined hyph[e that become gelatinized, the entire spore- 202 British Funoi. ■d> cluster at first iuvolvcd in a gelatinous integument ; promjcelium filiform^ sporidia unknown. Sorosporlum, Rudolphi in Linna3a^ iv. (1829)^ p. 116; Sacc. Syll. vii. pt. ii. p. 511 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 296. Readily distinguished by the dense spore- clusters consisting of numerous small resting-spores of equal size and functional value. The true position of the present genus is somewhat uncertain owing to imperfect knowledge in respect to the formation of the primary sporidia. Sorosporium sai^onaricBi Rud. (figs. 109, 110). Sori pale rufous-brown^ becoming coarsely pulveru- lent^ produced in the inflorescence during the bud stage j spore-clusters subglobose or elliptical, 40-100 11, consisting of numerous resting-spores loosely coherent ; resting-spores globose, broadly elliptical, or irregularly angular from mutual pressure, ochra- ceous, the free side covered with minute warts or irregular, elongated ridges, 18 x 10-14 fi ; pro- mycelium filiform. Sorospoi'inm saponarice, Rudolphi, Linna^a, iv. (1829), p. 116; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1872; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 296. In the flowers (ovary, stamens, &c.), rarely the uppermost leaves of Dianthus deltoides, Sap07iaria officinalis, Silene iwflata. Rare. Sorosporium scabies, Fisch. de W. (figs. 59, 59a). Stiii forming large, olive, scab-like expansions ; spore-clusters globose or elliptic-oblong, the resting- Classification . 203 spores forming a hollow sphere witli the wall irre- gularly perforated here and there, 20-50 /^ diameter; resting-spores firmly agglutinated together, spheri- cal or subangular, smooth, pale olive or brownish, 4-5 /x diameter. BoYosporium scabies, Fischer de Waldheim, Aper^u, p. 83 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1879. Tuhercinia scahies, Berk. Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. 1846, V. i. p. 33, figs. 30—31 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. »p. 294; Cke. Hdbk. p. 510; Cke. Micr. Fung. t. iii. p. 54. (Type in Herb. Berk., Kew.) On potato tubers. The spore-clusters are very peculiar resembling in miniature the young, partly expanded receptacle of Clathrus cancellatus. APPENDIX. Species considered by some authors as showing affinity with the Ustilaginem. Tuberculina, Sacc. Sporodochium minute, plano-pulvinate, often more or less violet, at length becoming indurated and sclerotiform ; gonidia globose or nearly so, acrogenous, gonidiophores rather thick, simple or with a few short branchlets. Tuberculina, Saccardo, Michela, vol. ii. p. 34 (April, 1880); Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 299; Sacc. Syll. vol. iv. p. 663. TJredinuIa, Speg. Fung. Argent. Pug. ii. p. 15 (May, 1880). 204 BritisJi Fungi, Tlie species, twelve iu uumber^ liave a wide distribution, aud are parasitic on fungi belonging to tlie Uredinea. The general habit is that of a Tuhercidaria, near to which forin-genus it has been arranged by Saccardo. C Gobi, on the other hand, considers the genus as having more affinity with the Jjstilaginece.^ TuhercuUna persicina, Sacc. (figs. 132). Sporodochium globuloso-depressed, minute, often arranged concentrically, violet-brown, paler inside ; gonidia subglobose, 7-8 ^t rarely 10 yu, diameter,, rosy-violet, smooth ; gonidiophores simple or with a few scattered branchlets, aseptate, denticulate at apices, subhyaline. TuhercuUna persicina, Saccardo, Fung. Ital. t. 964; Sacc. Syll. vol. iv. n. 3088; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 299 (exclusive syn. Tuherculina vinosa, Sacc). TiiJiercidaria persicina, Ditm. in Sturm, t. 49. Parasitic on TJredo, ^cidiurii, and Boestclia stages and various JJredines. Xot common. Tuherculina vinosa, Sacc. Closely allied to Tuherculina persicina, Sacc, from which it differs in the larger pustules of a vinous colour; gonidia subglobose or ovoid, 11-12 x 10 yu, (not 7-8 /x diam.), gonidiophores shorter, thicker, septate, simple. Tuherculina vinosa, Sacc. Michelia, i. p. 262, and ^ Acad. Imp. des Scienc. de St. Petersbourg, ser. vii., vol. xxxi. (1884). Classification, 205 li. p. 34/ Fung. Ital. t. 963; Sacc. Syll. vol. iv. n. 3089. Parasitic on JEcidhim, on TnsHlago farfara, on Roestelia, on leaves of Pyrus and Cratsegus^ and on JEcidiiim on boraginaceous plants. Rare. Graphiola, Poit. Erumpent ; peridium minute, wall double, outer firm, composed of blackish, interlaced hyphee, inner pale, delicate, fertile liyphps springing from base of peridium, crowded, septate, producing spores laterally; after the formation of the spores agglutinated bundles of slender, elongated, viscid hyphae spring up between the fertile hyphee and carry up the spores outside the peridium ; the spores on germination give origin to a slender, septate, branched mycelium, or to slender, cylindrical sporidia. Graphiola, Poiteau, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Bot.), 1S24, p. 473, t. xxvi. fig. 2; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. p. 522; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 297. Graphiola phoenicis, Poit. (figs. 133, 134). Erumpent; peritheciaharcl, blackish externally, 1 — 2 mm. diameter, spores pale yellow, 5-G fx diameter, sterile dispersive hyphas yellow, forming a plume-like tuft protruding for 2 — 3 mm. beyond the perithecium. Graphiola phoejiicis, Poiteau, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1824, p. 473, t. 26, f. 2 ; Cke. Hdbk. p. 646 ; Plow. Brit. Ured. and Ustilag. p. 298; Sacc. Syll. vii. ii. n. 1915. Phacidium phoenicisj Mont, in Fries' Syst. Myc. ii. p. 372. 2o6 British Fitno-i, Kemembering the great difficulty experienced in distinguishing so-called species of Saprolegnia even in the living state from purely morphological characters, or even distinguishing between the genera Saprolegnia and Peronospora when sexual portions alone are present^ from the same characters it can be readily understood that the difficulties must be greatly increased when dealing with fragmentary fossil re- mains. It is doubtful whether the fungus under consideration was not better placed by Smith in the Peronosporese than by Williamson in the Saprolegnise. Members of the latter group do not as a rule produce their oosronia in tissues, whereas this is usual in the Peronosporefe. It is not usual for septa to be entirely absent^ especially at the base of the oogonia, as be- lieved to be the case by Professor Williamson in his specimens^ which after all may be distinct from Smithes fungus. Several other species of fungi apparently belonging to the Phy corny cetes have been described as occurring in the tissues of fossil plants. Mr. Carruthers has described the mycelium of a fuugfus resembliuo' Peronosiwra found in the tissues of a fossil fern, Osmundites Doiul-eri, Carr., from the lower Eocene of Heme Bay. Other forms are de- scribed by Cash in a paper entitled, *' On the Fossil Fungi from the lower Coal-measures of Halifax,^' read before the Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society in 1879. I 217 ADDENDA. The following species liave unfortunately been omitted from their proper places : — Saprolegnia elongata, Mass. (n. sp.), (figs. 47 — 49). Dioeceous ; a sexual form very much elongated when fuHy developed, main stem slender, 3-4 /j, thick, often flexuous, first zoosporangium terminal, elliptical, 50- 60 X 18-21 fi, filled with zoospores which escape from an opening at the apex ; wlien the zoospores have escaped from the first zoosporangium the transverse septum at its base develops into a second zoosporangium which is elevated on a stem out of the first zoosporangium, in this way numerous superposed sporangia are produced ; sometimes two new zoosporangia originate from the base of an old zoosporangium, thus producing a lateral branch ; sexual form with the stem un branched or with very short lateral branches termi- nated by oogonia that are globose, imperforate, 45-60 /J. diameter, oospheres 3 — 4; antheridia elliptic-oblong, 30 X 10 ^, supported on slender, flexuous branches, 3 — 4 of which originate from near the apex of the main stem, which with that supporting the oogonia are about lOyLt in diameter. On decaying trunk of tree-fern in a tank. Rare. The above species, which has occurred for two years in succession at Kew, I do not find to agree with any 2 1 8 British Fitn^i, i> described species. The plant producing zoosporangia was not found in organic connection witli the sexual form, the relationship between the two being assumed entirely on tlie constant occurrence of the two forms. I have seen a specimen bearing forty-five zoosporangia arranged on a main stem as shown in fig. 47, and in addition also were several sliorter lateral branclies. Saprolegnia I'lLilomnlves^V^. 't^ra. Mycelium stout, 7-10 yu, diameter, with numerous transverse septa, the branches often connected bv short transverse branches and forming H-shaped structures, sometimes more or less flexuous ; zoosporangia numerous, intercalary, or more frequently terminating short branches, globose, 50-70 fji diameter, containing zoospores, which often germinate i// -S'/fH / antlieridia elliptic oblong; the mycelium in addition bears many small abortive sporangia or conidia on short lateral branches, normally colourless, but often becoming rose-coloured from absorbing tbe red colour of the host. Sajjrolegnia philomul-es, AY. Sm. in Diseases of Field and Garden Crops, p. 67, fig. 24. Parasitic on Isaria fuciformis. Rare. It is doubtful whetlier the present species is a good Saprolegnia as at present understood. If the small bodies contained in the large vesicles are true zoospores it is not likely that the bodies called antheridia by Smith are in reality such. The fol- lowing is Smith's further account of tbe organism : — ''Towards tlie end of 1883, Mr. Greenwood Pirn M.A., F.L.S., and Dr. E. P. Wright, A.M., F.L.S.! detected Isaria fuciformis, B., growing in a new posi- tion, viz. on grass belonging to a silo at the Albert Addenda. 2 1 9 Model Farm, Glasnevin, couufcy Dublin. Mr. Pirn kindly forwarded examples to us, and he soon after- wards published an illustrated account of tlie discovery in the Gardener's Chronicle for 22nd December, 1883. Mr. Pirn's examples were remarkable for being infested witli a parasitic fungus, and one apparently till now undescribed. The parasite grows on the Tsaria, breaks up its tissues, and more or less absorbs its crimson colour. The parasite is a Sairrolegnia allied to S.ferox, Kutz., of the salmon disease, but diiferentin many important characters.'"' The new parasite, which may be termed Saprolegnia jiMlomulies, W. Sm., is illustrated at fig. 24, enlarged 400 diameters. The circular bodies ai-e sporangia, zoosporangia, or spore-cases of unusually large size and filled with small motile spores or zoospores. In the largest siDorangium illustrated the zoospores are germinating within the sporangium, and protruding their germ-tubes through its gelatinous wall. A remarkable character in this parasite is found in the septate or jointed mycelium, an unusual character in the Saprolegniie, in the mycelium carrying numerous conidia, and in the sporangia and mj^celial threads often becoming confluent. In the Dublin examples the sporangia were so abundant that all parts of the Isaria threads were covered, they were so crowded together that they took penlagonal and hexagonal instead of circular forms. ]\Iany sporangia were sessile, or intercalated in the mycelium, whilst others were shortly stalked. Antlie- ridia were rare. The jointed mycelium formed a dense transparent stratum over the host plant. In some 2 20 BritisJi Fitno-i. ^> places tlic parasite was colourless, like the better known species of Saprolegniw; in other places it was rose-coloured, from its absorbing the colour of the red I)Hca, W. ^TC\. = Ovularia, Peronosjyora interstitialis, B. & Br. = 0vular'ia. Peronospora ruiihasis, B. & Bv. = Ovular ia. PeronosjJora ohliqiui, C^e. = Ovularia, t INDEX OF TERMS, Etc. Acrogenously formed spores, 38. Ammonic hydrate, Gl. Antheridium, 10, 24. Archicarp, 74. Arcuate, 93, Arthrosporous Bacteria, 52. Asci, 25. Asci, sexual or asexual nature of, 25. Ascospores, 26. Ascogenous hyphffi, 26. Azygospores, 75. Bacillus, 52. Bacteria, 2, 51, 52. Arthrosporoas, 52. Endosporous, 52. Basidia, 26, 27. Basidiospores, 28. Bleaching of colours in fungi, 21. Bunt, 27. Byssoid, 89. Calcium nitrate, 17. oxalate, 17. Capillitium, 51. Chlamydospores, 160. Chlorophyll, 1. Clamp-connections, origin of, 3. functions of, 3. Classification of fungi, 63. Cluster-cups, 35. Coloration in fungi, 21. Colour in fungi, uses of, 21. change in Boleti on exposure to air, 21. Columella, 166. Commensalism, 47. Concatenate, 62. Conjugation of primary sporidia, 166. Cystidia, 28. as organs of transpiration, 28. Decumbent, 94. Differentiation of parts in fungi, 13. Differentiation of tissue of pileus^ 19. Dispersion of spores, 39. Division of labour, 8. Endospore, 38. Entomogenous, 140. Epi spore, 38. Epiphyllous fungi, 53. Examination of fungi, 57. Exospore, 38. Fertilization-tube, 24, 76. Flagellatse, 51, 52. Flesh of the pileus, 18. Form-genera, 33. Form-species, 33. Fossil fungi, 45. Fungi, characters of, 12 collection of, 52. distribution of, 42. epiphyllous, 53. examination of, 59, fossil, 45. Lichen-forming, 46. origin of, 9. preservation of, 52. Fungus cellulose, 4. Fungus, definition of, 2. Gamete, 74. Geographical distribution of fungi, 42. Glycogen in fungi, 23. tests for, 23. Gonidia, 26. formation of, 31. occurrence of, in the Basidiomy- cetes, 31. Gonidiophares, 32, 224 British Fungi, Gonidial modes of reproduction, 30. Gonoplasm, 76. Haustoria, 4. Heteroecisna, 37. Host, 37. Hydrate of ammonia, 61. Hyphse, 2. composition of, 4. Hjphasma, 57. Lamellse, 1-i. Latex, 14, 56. Laticiferons hyphse, 14. system, 15. Lichens, 47. Lichen-forming fungi, 46. Light in connection with colonrs in fungi, 20. Lumen, 4. Metabolism, 18. Metcecism, 37. Mildew, 27, 30. Milk, 14, 56. Mould, 30. Muscardine, 2. Mutualism between algae and fungi, 47. Mycelium, 4. Mycetozoa, 50. Myxogastres, 50. Myxumycetes, 50. Is'uclei, 16. Oogonium, 9, 24. Oospore, 24, 76. Oosphere, formation of. 24. Origin of groups, 11 . Paraphyses, 28. Parasites, 2. Periplasm, 76. Pileus, 14, 55. external layer of, 18. Pits in cell-walls, 5. Plasmodium, 50. Pleomorphism, 34. Primary lamella, 39. sporidia, 166. conjugation of, 166. Promycelium, 166. Pustule, 62. Eeproductive bodies in fungi, 23. Eesting-spores, 75. Rust, 27. Ehizoids, 141. Saprophytes, 1. Schizomycetes, 51. Schonbein's explanation of change of colour in Boleti, 21. Sclerotium, 5. formation of, 6. Secondary sporidia, 167. Section-cutting, 62. Septa, 2. transverse, 2. Setalose, 23. Skin of pileus, 19. Spawn, 7. Spirillum, 52. Sporangiophore, 78. Sporangium, 51. Spore, 23,27, 37. acrogenously formed, 38. dispersion, 39. Sporogenous hyphae, 165. Sporophore, 7. structure of, in different groups, 18. differentiation of tissues of, 19. Sprouting fungi, 167. Starch, 23. Sterigma, 27. Sterigmata, 27. Stratification, 4. Substratum, 141. Suspensor, 74. Swarm-spores, 31. Symbiosis, 47. Teleutospores, 165. Transpiration, 28. Uniseriate, 139 Vegetatire work, 7. Zoogonidia, 31, 77. Zoospore, 31. Zoosporangium, 77. Zygospore, 23. INDEX OF PLANT AND ANIMAL HOSTS. N f^ z^,*^ -^ /"^y - Aconitum, 113. Actaea spicata, 189. ^cidmm, 204, 205. ^gopodiam podagraria, 113, 162. ^nanthe crocata, 162. Agrostis, 185. alba, 184. vulgaris, 181. pumila, 184. Aira ca^spitosa, 173. Alisma plantago, 197. Allium, 125. Alopecurus, 181. Alyssium, 119. Anagallis arvensis, 126. var. caerulea, 126. Anemone, 113. nemorosa, 113, 153, 189. Pulsatilla, 153. Angelica sylvestiis, 113, 162. Anthoxantbnm, 184. Anthriscus sylvestris, 113, 102. Apei'a spioa-venti, 184. Aphides, 146. Apium nodifloruni, 162. Arabis, 119. Arenaria media, 110. serpyllifolia, 118. trinervis, 118. Arum maculatum, 164. Asperula odorata, 117. Aster, 112. Astragalus, 122. Atriplex hastata, 124. nitens, 124. patula, 124. rosea. 124. Aucuba Japonica, 90. Avena, 184. elatior, 172, 186. flavescens, 172. sativa, 172. Barbarea, 119. Bartsia odontites, 114. Batrachians, 146. Boraginaceous plants, 205. Brassica, 119. Briza, 184. Bromiis, 185. erectus, 172. madritensis, 176. maximus, 176. mollis, 176. secalinus, 176. Bulbs, hyacinth, 130. tulip, 136. Bunias, 119. Calamagrostis, 185. Calendula officinalis, 193. Camelina, 119. Capsella, 119. bursa-pastoris, 108. Cardamine, 119. Carduus acanthoides, 181. heterophy llus, 201 . Carex, 174. glauca, 186. riparia, 175. Centaurea, 115. Chamajrops humiiis, 206. Chara, 155, 157. Cheiranthus, 119. Q 226 British Fiino-i. Chenopodiaceio, 124. Chenopodium album, \'2\. Bonus-Henricus, 124. glaucum, 124. lijbridum, 124. muralis, 124. polyspcrmum, 124. Chrrsospleuium oppositifolium, 193. Cirsium, 115. Cladopbora glomerata, 155. Colchicum autumnale, 187. Comarum palustre, 163, 198. Coirposite plants, 154, Conium maculatum, 114, Convolvulaceai, 109. Convolvulu.?, 109. arvensis, 201. sepium, 201. soldanella, 201. Corouilla, 122. Crataegus, 265. Crepis, 115. Cress' .seedlings, 134. Dactvlis, 185. Dauciis carota, 114, 162, 1G3. Dentaria, 119. Dianthus deltoides, 202. Digitalis purpurea, 127. Diplotaxis, ll.*. Dipterous insects, 145. Dung of frogs, 146. Elymus arenarius, 172. Erigeron canadensis, 112. Eriopbila, 109. Erysimum, 119. Euglena viridis, 147, 157. Euphrasia officinalis, 114. Festuca, 185. pratensis, 172. rubra, 186. Ficaria ranunculus, 189, 192, Flies, 142, 144. Frogs, 146. Fumaria officinalis, 121. Galium aparine, 117. vernm, 117, 195. Gladiolus communis, 188. imbricatis, 188. Glyceria aquatica, 172, 173. fluitans, 172, 173. Helichrysum, 115. Heliosciadiuni, 114. Hepatica, 113. triloba, 189. Hesperis, 119. Hieracium, 115. muroriim, 193. vulgatum, 193. Holcus, 184. Hop, 144. Hordeum distichum, 172. murinum, 172, vulgare, 172. House-flies, 144. Hyacinth, bulbs of, 136. Hyoscvamus niger, 126. Indian corn, 176. Insects, 124, 127, 138, 139, 145, Ipomsea, 109. Isopyrum, 113. Juncus bufonius, 193. lamprocarpus, 196. Lactuca, 115. scariola, var. sativa, 115. Lamium album, 123. amplexicaule, 123. maculatum, 123. rubrum, 123. Lapsana, 115. Laserpitium, 114. Lathyrus palustris, 122, pratensis, 118. Leaf-hopper, 142. Leguminous plants, 206. Lemna arrhiza, 135. minor, 158, 159. loolyrrhiza, 158. Leontodon, 115. Lepidium, llL». Linaria spuria, 174. Lithospermum arvense, 117. Lolium perenne, 172, 186. Lotus, 122. Lychnis diurna, 179. flos-cuculi, 179. vespertina, 179. Lysimachia nummularia, 153. I Plant and Animal Hosts. 22 Matricaria inodora, 192. Matthiola, 119. Medicago, 122. Melilotus, 122. officinalis, 118. Menianthes trifoliata, 163. Mercurialis perennis, 153. Meum athamanticum, 114, 162. Milium, 181. Mulgedinm, 115. Myosotis arvensis, 117, 191. csespitosa, 191. hispida, 117. palustris, 191. sylvatica, 191. Nasturtinm, 119. Neslia, 119. Nitella, 155, 159. CBnothera biennis, 153. Ononis, 122. Orobus, 122. tuberosa, 118. Oxyriareniformis, 177. Papaver agreniones, 120. dvibitim, 120, 191. rheas, 120, 191. somniferiim, 120, Paris quadrifolia, 187. Pastinaca sativa. 111. Petroselinum sativum, 114. Peucedanum palustre. 111. Phalaris arundinacea, 172. Phoenix dactylifera, 206. Phragmites communis, 172, 173, Pimpinella magna, 113. saxifraga, 113. Pinguicula alpina, 179. Pisum sativum, 118. Poa, 181. pratensis, 186. Polygonacese, 124. Polygonum aviculare, 179. bistorta, 175, 182. convolvulus, 124, 179. hydropiper, 179, 182. lapathifolium, 179. persicaria, 179, 182. vivipara, 182. Potato, 203. Q Primula farinosa, 190. vulgaris 190. Prunella vulgaris, 153. Psamma arenaria, 172. Pyrethrum arvense, 122. Pyrus, 205. Ranunculus acris, 120, 189, 194. auricomus, 120. bulbosus, 120, 189, 194. ficaria, 120. flammula, 120. repens, 189, 192, 194. Raphanus, 119. Rhyncospora alba, 174. Roestelia, 204, 205. Rose, 128. Rumex acetosa, 180. acetosella, 180. obtusifolius, 175. Sagittaria sagittifolia, 198. Salvia pratensis, 123. Sanguisorba officinalis, 153. Saponaria officinalis, 179, 202. Scabiosa arvensis, 122, 178. columbaria, 178. succisa, 178. Scilla bifolia, 187. Scirpus parvulus, 174. Scrophularia altaica, 127. aquatica, 127. nodosa, 127. Secale cereale, 186. Selinum, 114. Senecio, 115. Sherardia arvensis, 117. Silene inflata, 179, 202. maritima, 179. nutans, 179. otites, 180. Sinapis, 119. Sisymbrium, 119. Slum latifolium, 114. Smilacina, 164. Solanum tuberosum, 111. Sonchus, 115. Spergularia rubra, 40. Spirogyra, 139, 155. nitida, 155, 156. Spinacia oleracea, 124- Stachys palustris, 123. 2 228 British Fungi. Stellaria gramiuea, 179. holostea, 179. media, 118, 154. Sunflower, 164. Symphytum officinalis, 117. tuberosum, 117. Taraxacum officiuale, 163. Thistles, 109. Thlaspi, 119. Tragopogon, 115. pratensis, 109, 180. Trieutalis europsea, 199. Trifolium, 122. Triticum juuceum, 172. repens, 172, 18fi. spelta, 183. vulgare, 172, 1S3, 188. Tulip bulbs, 13fi. Turriti.«, 119. Tussilago farfara, 205. Typha latifolia, 173. minor, 173. Typhlocyba mali, 142. rosae, 142. Uredines, 204. TJredo, 204. Urtica dioica, 125. urenSj 125. Valerianella dioica, 153. Vaucheria, 159. Yerbascum thapsiforme, 127. nigrum, 127. virgatum, 127. Veronica anagallis, 123. arvensis, 123. beccabunga, 123. hederaefolia, 123. scutellata, 123. serpyllifolia, 123, triphylla, 123. verna, 123. Vicia cracca, 118. hirsuta, 118. sativa, 118. sepium, 118. tetrasperma, 118. Yiolaceas, 124. Viola hirta, 189. odorata, 189. Riviana, 121. sylvatica, 189. tricolor, 121, 124, 189. var. arvensis, 124. Wolffia arrhiza, 135. Zea mavs, 167. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Achlya, 129, 137. cornuta, 138. intermedia, 137. polyandra, 138. prolifera, 132. iEciDIOMYCETES, 67. Alg^, 71. Anx'yliste-E, 68. Aphanomyces, 129, 139. stellatus, 139. ASCOLICHENES, 70. ASCOMYCETES, 67 — 70. Ascomyces, 1H9. trientalis, 199. Ascophora, 98. elegans, 98. Basidiobolus, 143, 116. ranaruh^, li6. Basidiomycetks, 67 — 70, 161. Botyrtis, 101. arborescens, 120. arenaria9, 118. destructor, 125. grisea, 123. Jonesii, 102. vicise, 118. violacea, 122. Bremia, 107, 114. lactucce, 115. Calothece.e, 116. caepospore.e, 67. Ch^tocladie^, 101. Chsetocladium, 101. Jonesii, 102. Brefeldii, 102. Charace^, 67. CHrTRIDEiE, 68, 117, 150. CHYTRIDlACEiE, 79. Chytridium, 151, 158. euglenge, 157. lielioformis, 158. Circinella, 86, 100. simplex, 100. C(ELOBLASTE/E, 6Q. CONJUGATE/E, 67. Coleochsste, 67. CONFEllVACEiE, 67. Cvanophyce.e, 66. Cylindrosporium, 197. alismacearum, 197. Cystopus, 107. cubicus, 109. lepigoni, 109. spinulosus, 109. tragopogoiiis, 108. vaf. spinulosus, 109. DiATOMACE/E, 67. Biplanes, 128, 136. saproleqnioides , 137. Dityuchus, 128, 135. monosporus, 136. Doassansia, 170, 196. alismatis, 196. comarl, 198. sagittaricB, 197. Empusa, 143. culicis, 114. musccB, 132, 144. sphasrosperma, 142. 230 Df'itisJi Fungi, Endodromia, 85. vitreci, 85. Entorrhiza, 170, 195. Aschersoniana, 195. Casparyana, 19G. cypericola, 196. Entomophthorace.e, 79. kxtomopiithore.e, 68, 78, 140, 143. Entomophthora, 143, 145. aphidis, 142, 145. Entyloma, 1G4, 170, 190. alismacearum, 197. hicolor, 191. calenchtloe, 193. canescens, 191. dirysosplenii, 193. Fergussoni, 190. matricarise, 192. microsporv.m, 193. ranunculi, 191. Trailii, 192. Ungerianum, 194. FLOEIDEiE, 67. FucACE^, 67, 68, FrcoiDE.E, 67. Fusidium, 192. ranunculi, 192. Gasterolichekes, 70. Gloeosporium, 192. ficai'iEe, 192. Graphiola, lt;8, 205. phoenicis, 205. Helicostylum, 86, 96. elegans, 96. nigricans, 97. HTDRODICTYE.E, 67. Hydrophora, 89. stercorea, 89. tenerrima, 91. HYilEXOLICHENES, 70. Hyphomycetes, 70. Leptomitus, 128, 129. l/racliynema, 130. lactcns, 129. LlCHENES, 67. Melaxcome^, 70. Melanotsenium, 170, 194. endoaenum, 194. Monoblepharis, 68, 129, 139. splicer ica, 140. MORTIERELLE.E, 103. Mortierella, 103. polyceplialu., 103. candelabrum, 104. var. minor, 104. MUCORACE.E, 79, 80. MUCORE.E, 86. MucoRiNi, 68, 74, 78. Mucor, 86. a'lnethysUnus, 90. clavitus, 89. delicattdus , 90. fusiger, 95. hyalinus, 92. lateritius, 88. mucedo,^1. var. caninus, 87. phycomyces, 93. pruinosus, 92. ramosus, 96. stercoreus, 88. suhtilissimus, 89. succosus, 90. tenerrinms, 91. jMycomycetes, 69, 70, 159. I^Iyxomycetes, 67. (Edogoniace.e, 67. Olpidium, 151, 159. lemnce, 159. OOMYCETES, 69, 70. O0SPORE.E, 67. Palmellace.e, 66, 67. Paxdorine^, 67. Penicillium, 93. roseum, 93. Peronosporace-e, 68, 78, 79, 106. Peronospora, 107, 110, 111, 115. o^ffi.nis, 120. arhorescens, 120. arcnaria, 118. Candida, 126. calotheca, 116. effusa, 124. var. hyoscyami, 126. minor, 124, 126. polygoni, 124. fcaricB, 119, 120. galii, 116. Systematic Index. 23T gangliformis, 115. grisea, 122. hyoscyami, 126. lamii, 123. myosotidis, 117. nivea, 113. parasitica, 119. pygmgea. 113. tSchleideni, 125. Schleideniana, 125. sherardiag, 116. sordida, 127. Jk sparsa, ]27. trifoliariira, 121. umbelliferarum, 162. nrticEe, 121. vicicB, 117. violacea, 122. ' violce, 121. Peronosporites, 213. antiquarius, 213, 215. Phacidium, 205. phoenicis, 205. Phycochromace.e, 67. Phycomycetes, 69 — 71, 78. Phycomyces, 86, 93. nitens, 93. Physoderma, 163. meniantliis, 163. sagittari^, 198. Phytopthora, 77, 107, 110. infestans, 71. Pilaira, 81. anomala, 84. Cesatii, 81. diynidiata, 85. inosculaus, 85. Ptlobole.e, 80. Pilobolus, 81. crystallinus, 81. Klienii, 82. Jlongipes, 83. Oedipus, 83. roridus, 82. Plasmopara, 107, 111. ^ densa, 111. P entospora, 112. 7iivea, 113, 163. Pl/gmaea, 113. Polycystis, 185. Polyphagus, 151, 156. euglence, 147, 156. Protomycetace.e, 80. Protomycete.e, 161. Protomyces, 68, 161. ari, 163. calendulse, 193. comari, 198. ohrysosplenii, 193. esidogenus, ]95. Fergussoni, 191. galii, 195. hieracii, 193. macrosporus, 162. meniantliis, 163. microsporus, 194. pacliydermus, 163. purpurea -ting ens, 161. rliizohius, 162. Protomycites, 212. protogenes, 212. Protophyta, 66. Pythium, 77, 128, 132. cytosiphon, 134. De-Baryanum, 77, 133. equiseti, 134. gracile, 77. megalacanthum, 135. proliferum, 134. vexans, 134. Reessia, 151, 157. ariKxhoidea, 157. Rhipidium, 129. Rhizidium, 151, 151. intestinum, 155. Westi), 155. Rhizopus, 86, 99. nigricans, 74, 100. saccnaromycetes, gg — 68. saprolegnie.e, 67, 71, 77. Saprolegniace.e, 79, 128. Saprolegnia, 77, 78, 128, 130. androgynia, 131. dioica, 132 elongata, 217. ferox, 132. lactea, 130. monoica, 132. Schinzia, 19:3. Aschersoniaua, 196. Caspai'yana, 196. leguminosariim, 206. I 232 British Fungi. SCHIZOMYCETES, 166. Sorosporium, 170, 201. ti'ientalis, 199. saponaria, 201. scohies, 201. Sphacelotheca, 170, 181. h ndi'opiperis, 181. Spinellus, 88, 94. fiisi'ier, 94. Sporendonema, 132, 111. musca^. 132, 111. Sporodinia, 86, 95. aspergillus, 95. dichototna, 96. Syxcephalide.e, 105. Syncephalis, 105. fasciculatis, 106. nodosa, 71. Synchytrium, 151. aneiiiones, 152. aureum, 153. mercurialis, 153. stellarice, 151. taraxici, 153. Syzygites, 95. megalocarpus, 96. Thallophytes, QQ. Thamnidium, 86, 98. elegans, 98. verticillatum, 99. Thecaphora, 170, 200. hyalina, 200. Trailii, 201. Tilletia, 170, 182. caries, 183. decipiens, 183. striiformis, 177. iritici, 183. Tubercinia, 203. scabies, 203. Tubercularia, 214. persicina, 204. Tuberculina, 203. peTsicirio., 204. vinosa, 204. Tuburcinia, 199. trieutalis, 199. Uredine.e, 67, 68. Uredo, 109. candidis, 109. ^ tragopogoni, 109. flosculorum, 178. snccisse, 178. Urocystis, 171, 185. agropyri, 186. aneraoEea, 188. colchici, 186. Fischeri, 186. gladioli^ 187. occulta, 185. parallela, 186. ponipholygodes, 188. primnlicola, 189. sorosporioides, 187. violge, 189. USTILAGIXE.E, 68—70, 161, 169. Ustilago, 170, 171. antherarum, 179. histortarum, 174. hromirrji'a, 175. Candollei, 182. cardMi, 180. caricis, 174. grararaico., 173. grandis, 173. hypodytes, 172. liypngea, 174. Kuhneo/na, 189. longissima, 171. onoxrosjDora, 177. ■major, 179. marina, 173. onaydAs, 176. olivacea, 175. salveii, 177. scabioscB, 178. segetum, V12i. tragopogi, 180. utriculosa, 178. fwosa, 176. violacea, 179. Yaucheria, 67. volvocineje, 67. Zygomycetes, 67, 68, 69, 70. .Zygospores, 67. PRINTED BY GILBEET AND BIVINGTOX, LD., ST. JOHN S HOUSE, Cl/EEKENWELL KOAD, E.C. PJ 2. G.itassee del, E.Bates litri. 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